Liv Bachmann

• Bachmann, Liv; Grønvik, Cecilie Katrine Utheim; Ødegård, Atle & Mundal, Ingunn Pernille (2026). Development and psychometric testing of the Mechanical Restraint Questionnaire (MR-Q): a pilot study. BMC Psychiatry. doi: 10.1186/s12888-026-08691-w. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  Abstract Background The use of mechanical restraints (MR) in acute mental health care can cause unexpected effects on patients, such as physical injury and mental trauma, thus MR requires continuous clinical assessment and decision-making before, during, and after mechanical restraint episodes. Despite the importance of these processes, few validated instruments are available to assess health care professionals’ perceptions of restraint-related assessments during the implementation of mechanical restraints. Therefore, this pilot study aimed to develop the Mechanical Restraint Questionnaire (MR-Q) and examine its psychometric properties. Methods A cross-sectional study was conducted. The MR-Q, a self-report questionnaire designed to assess nurses’and ward staff members’perceptions of assessments related to the use of mechanical restraint, consisted of 61 items. Item development was informed by individual interviews, a clinical guideline, and a literature review. Of the 61 items, 26 addressed the practice environment and 35 addressed the caring process. Data were collected from 69 nurses and word staff working in acute mental health wards in Norway. Parallel analysis (PA), visual inspection of the scree plot and exploratory factor analysis (EFA) were performed to examine the questionnaire’s underlying factor structure. The psychometric properties of the MR-Q were further assessed through face validity, content validity, construct validity, and reliability testing of the identified subscales. Results The PA suggested a possible six-factor solution, whereas the EFA extracted two dimensions with three factors in each dimension, respectively six factors. Three factors covered the practice environment, and three factors covered the caring process. The factors accounted for 69.3% of the total variance in the practice environment and 52.0% of the total variance in the caring process. Conclusion The findings indicate evidence of an acceptable factor structure and acceptable to high internal consistency of the MR-Q as a measure of the perceptions of MR assessment. Some improvements and further investigation of the reliability and validity in a larger and heterogenous sample are needed.

• Bachmann, Liv; Ødegård, Atle & Mundal, Ingunn Pernille (2023). A comprehensive examination of research instruments utilized for assessing the attitudes of healthcare professionals towards the use of restraints in mental healthcare: A systematic review. Journal of Advanced Nursing. ISSN 0309-2402. 80(2024)(7), p. 2728–2745. doi: 10.1111/jan.16015. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  Aim: This systematic review aimed to identify, describe and evaluate questionnaires measuring health professionals’ attitudes towards restraints in mental healthcare. Design: A systematic review was undertaken in accordance with the COSMIN protocol for systematic review and the relevant sections of the 2020 Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses. Data Sources: OVID Medline, OVID nursing, Psychinfo, Embase and Cinahl were systematically searched from databases inception, with an initial search in December 2021 and updated in April 2022. Review Methods: The inclusion criteria compromised articles reporting on self-reported instruments of attitudes or perceptions, development or validation of instruments and the evaluation of one or more measurement properties. Articles using multiple instruments in one study or not published in English were excluded. Two researchers independently extracted the data and appraised the methodological quality using the COSMIN guidelines and standards (consensus-based standards for the selection of health measurement instrument). A narrative synthesis without meta-analysis was performed. The systematic review was registered in PROSPERO Protocol ID CRD42022308818. Results: A total of 23 studies reporting ten instruments were included. The findings revealed a broad variation in the content of the questionnaires, the use of terms/constructs and the context in which the various instruments measure attitudes towards coercive measures. Many studies lacked sufficient details on report of psychometric properties. Finally, the results were not summarized and the evidence not GRADED. Conclusions: There is a need for updated and adapted instruments with origins in theory and clear joint definitions such that attitudes towards coercive measures can be reliably assessed regarding the validity and reliability of instruments, which will be of importance to facilitate the use of instruments in research and clinical settings. Impact: Reviews addressing surveys, self-reported attitudes towards restraints in mental healthcare and examination of psychometric properties seem limited. We highlight distinct complexity, psychometric limitations and broad variation in the context and content measuring attitudes towards coercive measures, and their various use of terms/constructs in the existing questionnaires. These findings contribute to further research regarding the development of questionnaires and the need of representing the concept well – carefully denoted by the indicators, likewise the importance of applying questionnaires with properly reported measurement properties in terms of validity and reliability to ensure the use in research and clinical settings.

• Bachmann, Liv; Vatne, Solfrid & Mundal, Ingunn Pernille (2022). Safeguarding patients while implementing mechanical restraints : a qualitative study of nurses and ward staff’s perceptions and assessment. Journal of Clinical Nursing (JCN). ISSN 0962-1067. 32(3/4), p. 438–451. doi: 10.1111/jocn.16249. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  Aims and Objectives: To explore nurses’ and ward staff's perceptions and assessments of patient care while implementing mechanical restraints. Background: To prevent the risks associated with the use of restraints in psychiatry and ensure safe mental health care, it is necessary to know more about how the nursing staff experiences, comprehends and intervenes in managing patients subjected to coercive measures. Design: This study employed a qualitative descriptive design, in accordance with the COREQ guidelines. Methods: Semi-structured interviews were conducted with 18 nurses and ward staff aged between 22 and 45 years old, who had experience implementing mechanical restraints. Data were digitally audio-recorded and transcribed verbatim. Inductive thematic analysis was conducted using NVivo 12. Results: The participants believed that mechanical restraints should be used as a last resort and that safeguarding patients during implementation is important; however, their assessments of the patients’ physical and mental conditions varied. A clear difference emerged in how management qualified professionals handled situations prior to and during the implementation of mechanical coercive measures. Conclusions: The findings emphasise the need to focus on the assessment of patients prior to and during restraint, ensure the quality of safe implementation in a risk-of-harm situation, prioritise competence in education, and practice, and improve management. Relevance to clinical practice: The findings highlight the importance of assessing the physical and mental condition of patients while implementing restraints, as well as aiding the management, nurses and ward staff in tailoring safety procedures.

• Synnes, Oddgeir; Orøy, Aud Jorun; Råheim, Målfrid; Bachmann, Liv; Ekra, Else Mari Ruberg & Gjengedal, Eva [Show all 12 contributors for this article] (2020). Finding ways to carry on : stories of vulnerability in chronic illness. International Journal of Qualitative Studies on Health and Well-being. ISSN 1748-2623. 15(1), p. 1–13. doi: 10.1080/17482631.2020.1819635. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  Purpose: In this study, we explore the lived experiences of chronic illness in four groups of patients; children with asthma, adolescents with diabetes, young adults with depression, and adult patients with chronic, obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). Persons living with chronic illness are often designated as vulnerable. This study builds on the assumption that being vulnerable belongs to being human, and that vulnerability also might entail strength and possibilities for growth. Methods: A narrative analysis was undertaken to illuminate how experiences of vulnerability were narrated across the four patient groups, presenting four individual stories, one from each of the patient groups. Results/conclusion: The stories illuminate how living with a chronic illness implies differing capabilities and capacities dependent on the specific condition. At the same time the stories point to how various abilities and challenges in living with chronic illness can be alleviated or seen as resources. Considered together, the stories underscore how ´finding ways to carry on´ in chronic illness requires interpretational work. By calling upon resources among significant others, in the surroundings and in oneself, the narrator can find ways of interpreting living with chronic illness that might open towards a hopeful future. Keywords: chronic illness, vulnerability, narrative analysis, life

• Bachmann, Liv; Michaelsen, Ragnhild Karen Astad & Vatne, Solfrid (2019). Professional vulnerability in mental healthcare contexts : a focus group study of milieu‐therapists’ experiences. Nursing Open. 6(3), p. 1076–1087. doi: 10.1002/nop2.292. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  Aims and objectives: To gain insight into how the workplace influences milieu‐therapists’ vulnerability in the mental healthcare context. Background: Mental health services have experienced substantial changes. Reduced institutional treatment capacity is replacing the development of locally based treatment. Changes in external conditions in mental health services have influenced the working conditions of nurses and milieu‐therapists. Design: Qualitative design. The study complied with the COREQ checklist. Methods: Focus group interviews. Results: “Vulnerability due to unpredictable and threatening working context” was the common key theme that emerged in both contexts. Two key themes were different and opposite. In municipal mental health care, “Alone and unprotected” and in institutional care, “Together and protected.” Conclusion: The participants from both specialized and community mental health care, experienced vulnerability at different levels interpreted as a contradictory relationship between the healthcare system and their own ideals of what professional practice ought to be. Relevance to clinical practice: This study contributes to extended knowledge and understanding about the experienced influence of the working environment on professional vulnerability of nurses and milieu‐therapists` in mental health services. The impact of contextual conditions on health professionals’ working conditions has multi‐professional relevance for milieu‐therapists and managers of mental health services, and it is an important topic in health and social higher education. Keywords: focus group study, mental Health care context, milieu‐therapists, professional vulnerability

• Hauge, Kari Johanne Westad; Brask, Ole David; Bachmann, Liv; Bakken, Hege; Bergum, Inger Elisabeth & Grønvik, Cecilie K Utheim [Show all 11 contributors for this article] (2019). Lar praksisveiledere sykepleierstudenter bestå praksisstudier uten oppnådd læringsutbytte? Klinisk Sygepleje. ISSN 0902-2767. 33(1), p. 23–39. doi: 10.18261/issn.1903-2285-2019-01-03. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  Hensikten med pilotstudien var å vurdere reliabiliteten og validiteten til et nyutviklet spørreskjema om fenomenet bestått på feil grunnlag.

• Bachmann, Liv; Grønvik, Cecilie K Utheim; Hauge, Kari Johanne Westad & Julnes, Signe Gunn (2019). Failing to Fail nursing students among mentors : a confirmatory factor analysis of the Failing to Fail scale. Nursing Open. 6(3), p. 966–973. doi: 10.1002/nop2.276. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  Aim: The aim was to explore the psychometric properties with respect to the internal consistency reliability of the subject‐specific questionnaire “Failing to Fail.” Design: Cross‐sectional study. Methods: Exploratory factor analysis with varimax rotation. A confirmatory factor analysis was used to examine the factor structure of the “Failing to Fail” scale. The sample included 336 Norwegian nurse mentors. Results: The confirmatory factor analysis confirmed a five‐factor structure of the “Failing to Fail” scale with adequate model fit. The factors were named as: (a) Insufficient mentoring competence; (b) Insufficient support in the working environment; (c) Emotional process dominates the assessment; (d) Insufficient support from the university; and (e) Decision‐making detached from learning outcomes. The scale proved to be feasible to test whether mentors are Failing to Fail nursing students. The confirmatory factor analysis model supported the predictive validity of the “Failing to Fail” scale.

• Bachmann, Liv; Michaelsen, Ragnhild K A & Vatne, Solfrid (2016). Feeling “overloaded” and “shortcomings” : milieu therapists’ experiences of vulnerability in caring for severely mentally ill patients. Journal of Multidisciplinary Healthcare. 9, p. 285–296. doi: 10.2147/JMDH.S106310. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  Background: Milieu therapists’ relationships with patients with severe mental illnesses are viewed as challenging. Elucidating vulnerability from their perspective in daily face-to-face encounters with patients might contribute to extending our knowledge about milieu therapists’ vulnerability and the dynamics of the interaction between patients in mental health services and expertise in building caring and therapeutic relationships. The aim of this project was to study educated milieu therapists’ experiences of their own vulnerability in their interactions with patients in mental health services. Materials and methods: The data collection method was focus-group interviews. Thirteen part-time master’s in mental health students (eight nurses, three social workers, two social educators) participated. All participants had experience with community or specialized mental health services (2–8 years). Results: The milieu therapists mainly related their experiences of vulnerability to negative feelings elicited by challenging work conditions, disclosed as two main themes: 1) “overloaded”, by the possibility of being physically and mentally hurt and the burdens of long-lasting close relationships; milieu therapists were extremely vulnerable because of their difficulty in protecting themselves; and 2) “shortcomings”, connected to feelings of despair associated with not acting in concordance with their professional standards and insecurity about their skills to handle challenging situations, which was a threat to their professional integrity. There seemed to be coherence between vulnerability and professional inauthenticity. A misunderstanding that professionalism refers to altruism seems to increase milieu therapist vulnerability. Conclusion: Vulnerability in health care is of interest to multiple disciplines, and is of relevance for knowledge development in higher education. Extended knowledge and understanding about milieu therapists’ vulnerability might strengthen their personal and professional integrity in professional practice in mental health services. Health care managers’ focus on the supervision of individual professionals in practice and practical training is important. Further research on the coherence between vulnerability and professionalism is recommended. Keywords: vulnerability, milieu therapists, mental health services, caring and therapeutic relationships, threat to professional integrity

• Hauge, Kari Johanne Westad; Brask, Ole David; Bachmann, Liv; Bergum, Inger Elisabeth; Heggdal, Wenche Mongstad & Inderhaug, Hans [Show all 8 contributors for this article] (2016). Kvalitet i praksisstudier i sykepleier- og vernepleierutdanning. Nordisk tidsskrift for helseforskning. ISSN 1504-3614. 12(1), p. 19–33. doi: 10.7557/14.3772. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  Background: Clinical training in health and social care educations are important in the development of professional competence. Evidence indicates that there are major quality differences in clinical practice in health- and social studies. Purpose: To examine what key players related to clinical practice in nursing and social education believes provides quality. Method: Focus Group Interview where students, supervisor and teachers participated in all groups. Results: Students learning in practice presupposes a knowledge base of the student, a learning environment with adapted responsibilities and coping capabilities, and a relationship with the supervisor who promotes both recognition and needed correction. The supervisor's role can be strengthened through individual competence, clearer support from boss and co-workers, and more emphasis on triangular cooperation with the college. Conclusion: There is a large overlap in the understanding of what in practice is all about quality. The perspectives of the three actors appear primarily as mutually complementary.

View all works in NVA

• Reppen, Nils Kristian; Strømme, Torunn; Munkeby, Hilde; Carlsson, Marianne Reinfjell; Anker-Hansen, Camilla & Kirkevold, Marit [Show all 15 contributors for this article] (2025). Hvor mange studenter er det egentlig på forelesningene på sykepleierutdanningene? Vi spurte 11 studiesteder. [Journal]. Sykepleien.no. doi: https:/sykepleien.no/2025/11/hvor-mange-studenter-er-det-egentlig-pa-forelesningene-pa-sykepleierutdanningene-vi-spurte. Full text in Research Archive
• Ursin, Gøril; Bachmann, Liv & Svineng, Gunbjørg (2025). Distriktene betaler prisen når politiske visjoner ikke følges opp. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  I statsbudsjettet for 2026 foreslår regjeringen å kutte 100 studieplasser i sykepleierutdanningene ved Nord universitet, UiT Norges arktiske universitet og Høgskolen i Molde.

• Ursin, Gøril; Bachmann, Liv & Svineng, Gunbjørg (2025). Distriktene betaler prisen når politiske visjoner ikke følges opp. doi: https:/www.nordnorskdebatt.no/distriktene-betaler-prisen-nar-politiske-visjoner-ikke-folges-opp/o/5-124-393446?key=2025-10-22T08%3A21%3A29.000Z%2Fretriever%2Ffaa88c240ab492b5d814f458edf5160419077a9f. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  I statsbudsjettet for 2026 foreslår regjeringen å kutte 100 studieplasser i sykepleierutdanningene ved Nord universitet, UiT Norges arktiske universitet og Høgskolen i Molde. Begrunnelsen er at vi ikke fyller opp plassene. Det kan høres rimelig ut – men bare om man ser bort fra virkeligheten i distriktene.

• Ursin, Gøril; Bachmann, Liv & Svineng, Gunbjørg (2025). Når politiske visjoner ikke følges opp: Distriktene betaler prisen. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  I statsbudsjettet for 2026 foreslår regjeringen å kutte 100 studieplasser i sykepleierutdanningene ved Nord universitet, UiT Norges arktiske universitet og Høgskolen i Molde. Begrunnelsen er at vi ikke fyller opp plassene. Det kan høres rimelig ut – men bare om man ser bort fra virkeligheten i distriktene.

• Ursin, Gøril; Bachmann, Liv & Svineng, Gunbjørg (2025). Distriktene betaler prisen når politiske visjoner ikke følges opp. doi: https:/www.khrono.no/distriktene-betaler-prisen-nar-politiske-visjoner-ikke-folges-opp/1007789. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  Regjeringen kutter finansiering av 100 studieplasser i sykepleie i Nord-Norge og i Nordmøre og Romsdal. I stedet opprettes nye studieplasser i Oslo-gryta. Det er ikke bærekraftig politikk.

• Ursin, Gøril; Bachmann, Liv & Svineng, Gunbjørg (2025). Distriktene betaler prisen når politiske visjoner ikke følges opp. doi: https:/www.tk.no/distriktene-betaler-prisen-nar-politiske-visjoner-ikke-folges-opp/o/5-51-1760049?key=2025-10-22T07%3A57%3A45.000Z%2Fretriever%2F70b2ab7050dd9804429db95b25806bfbee5930ca. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  I statsbudsjettet for 2026 foreslår regjeringen å kutte 100 studieplasser i sykepleierutdanningene ved Nord universitet, UiT Norges arktiske universitet og Høgskolen i Molde. Begrunnelsen er at vi ikke fyller opp plassene.

• Gussiås, Ellen Kristine; Myren, Lovise; Bachmann, Liv; Meisingset, Sigrun Lossius & Lillebakk, Knut Dørum (2024). Frustrert over studiet: – Veldig slitsomt å få det til å gå opp. [Journal]. Romsdals Budstikke Pluss . Full text in Research Archive
• Sættem, Ragnhild & Bachmann, Liv (2023). Brukermedvirkning ved skjerming i psykisk helsevern. Full text in Research Archive
• Hagerup, Ida; Indergård, Margaret Agnete & Bachmann, Liv (2021). Militære veteraner ber ikke om hjelp for sine psykiske plager. Sykepleien. ISSN 0039-7628. 109. doi: 10.4220/Sykepleiens.2021.85920. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  Mange soldater får sammensatte psykiske utfordringer etter å ha deltatt i internasjonale operasjoner. Kunnskap om veteraner som gruppe er nødvendig for å kunne gi dem et godt oppsøkende tilbud.

• Bachmann, Liv (2019). Mechanical and pharmacological restraint in psychiatric wards in Norway. Full text in Research Archive
• Hauge, Kari Johanne Westad; Brask, Ole David; Grønvik, Cecilie K Utheim; Julnes, Signe Gunn; Bachmann, Liv & Bakken, Hege [Show all 12 contributors for this article] (2017). Unngår praksisveiledere å stryke sykepleierstudenter i praksisstudier? Full text in Research Archive
• Bachmann, Liv; Michaelsen, Ragnhild Karen Astad & Vatne, Solfrid (2017). "Would it be different if I was not there anymore?" Vulnerability described by a young person afflicted of anxiety and depression. Full text in Research Archive
• Gjengedal, Eva; Bachmann, Liv; Ekra, Else Mari Ruberg; Høye, Magnhild Mjåvatn; Jørgensen, Else & Lykkeslet, Else [Show all 12 contributors for this article] (2017). Vulnerability as an existential challenge in chronic illness : a balance between self and others. Full text in Research Archive
• Brask, Ole David; Ulvund, Ingeborg; Hauge, Kari Johanne Westad; Grønvik, Cecilie K Utheim; Heggdal, Wenche Mongstad & Inderhaug, Hans [Show all 12 contributors for this article] (2017). Praksisveiledere i sykepleiepraksis: Slippes studenter igjennom,som burde ha strøket? Full text in Research Archive
• Bachmann, Liv & Michaelsen, Ragnhild K A (2016). Sårbarhet hos miljøterapeuter i samhandlingssituasjoner. Full text in Research Archive
• Bachmann, Liv; Michaelsen, Ragnhild K A & Vatne, Solfrid (2016). Ensnared in the talk of the They. Milieu-therapists experiences of vulnerability in everyday practice in a mental health care context. Full text in Research Archive
• Bachmann, Liv; Michaelsen, Ragnhild K A & Vatne, Solfrid (2016). Ensnared in the talk of the "They". Health professionals experiences of vulnerability in mental health services. Full text in Research Archive
• Brask, Ole David; Heggdal, Wenche Mongstad; Inderhaug, Hans; Hauge, Kari Johanne Westad; Bachmann, Liv & Bergum, Inger Elisabeth [Show all 8 contributors for this article] (2015). Kvalitet i praksisstudier ved sykepleier- og vernepleierutdanning. Full text in Research Archive
• Bachmann, Liv; Michaelsen, Ragnhild K A & Vatne, Solfrid (2015). Health Care Professionals Vulnerability in Mental Health Care. Full text in Research Archive
• Bachmann, Liv; Michaelsen, Ragnhild K A & Vatne, Solfrid (2015). Health Care Professionals Vulnerability in Mental Health Care. Full text in Research Archive
• Bachmann, Liv; Simonsen, Ellen Ørpen; Jansen, Ingvild Bostedt; Evjan, Kari & Stendahl, Ida (2011). Systemer for erfaringsdeling i pedagogisk praksis. In Bjørke, Gerd (Eds.), HiO-rapport 2011 nr. 12 Blikk inn i høgskolepedagogisk kompetanseutvikling. Høgskolen i Oslo og Akershus. ISSN 9788257947583. p. 95–100. Full text in Research Archive
• Bachmann, Liv (2025). Exploring assessment and caring during implementation of mechanical restraint: A mixed-method study in the field of acute mental health care from the perspective of nurses and ward staff. Høgskolen i Molde - Vitenskapelig høgskole i logistikk. ISSN 9788279623854. Full text in Research Archive
• Bachmann, Liv (2025). Exploring assessment and caring during implementation of mechanical restraint : a mixed-method study in the field of acute mental health care from the perspective of nurses and ward staff. Molde University College - Specialized University in Logistics. ISSN 9788279623854. Full text in Research Archive

View all works in NVA