Bjørn Jæger

• Mawrides, Emmanuel Kafti; Mishra, Alok & Jæger, Bjørn (2025). Blockchain technology for sustainable supply chains in the fishing industry : a systematic review. Cleaner Logistics and Supply Chain (CLSC). 17(December). doi: 10.1016/j.clscn.2025.100277. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  This study presents a systematic review on the application of blockchain in fish supply chains. It addresses the current state of blockchain in fish supply chains, enablers and challenges to its adoption. The review delves into the fishing industry, focusing on empirical works on the intersection of blockchain and sustainability where there is limited research. The key findings illustrate that the themes of transparency, traceability, trust, and information sharing are dominant in the blockchain and fish supply chains domain. By synthesizing and critically assessing existing empirical research, the paper further sheds light on the interplay between blockchain and sustainable fish supply chains, further examining the facilitators that drive blockchain adoption. The findings demonstrate real-time visibility, authentication and security, cost reduction and blockchain’s decentralized nature as the main facilitators. Conversely, the study investigates challenges that hinder the seamless integration of blockchain in fish supply chains under the three categories of technology, organizational and regulatory frameworks. High costs of investments, resistance to change, environmental concerns and challenges such as forking, scalability issues, garbage in garbage out and integration issues emerge as the predominant barriers to adoption of blockchain in supply chain contexts. The paper further discusses smart contracts, token economics and consensus mechanisms and their impact on sustainability in this domain. There is need for further research into the social aspects of sustainability that have limited empirical research compared to governance and environmental sustainability for fish supply chains.

• Jæger, Bjørn; Wiklund, Fredrik & Halse, Lise Lillebrygfjeld (2023). Additive manufacturing : a case study of introducing additive manufacturing of spare parts. In Alfnes, Erlend; Romsdal, Anita; Strandhagen, Jan Ola; Cieminski, Gregor von & Romero, David (Ed.), Advances in Production Management Systems. Production Management Systems for Responsible Manufacturing, Service, and Logistics Futures IFIP WG 5.7 International Conference, APMS 2023, Trondheim, Norway, September 17–21, 2023, Proceedings, Part II. Springer. ISSN 9783031436666. p. 605–616. doi: 10.1007/978-3-031-43666-6_41. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  Home Advances in Production Management Systems. Production Management Systems for Responsible Manufacturing, Service, and Logistics Futures Conference paper Additive Manufacturing: A Case Study of Introducing Additive Manufacturing of Spare Parts Bjørn Jæger, Fredrik Wiklund & Lise Lillebrygfjeld Halse Conference paper First Online: 14 September 2023 Part of the IFIP Advances in Information and Communication Technology book series (IFIPAICT,volume 690) Abstract Additive Manufacturing (AM) allows for on-demand production of items. From a logistics perspective, AM of spare parts may represent a safeguard against manufacturing down-time caused by inventory stockouts or delayed deliveries from suppliers. AM of spare parts may lead to reduced inventories and reduced supply chain emissions. This study explores the implementation of AM of spare parts in a manufacturing company within the metal industry. Based on experience using AM on non-critical parts in-house, the respondents in the study emphasize several advantages by using AM for this purpose. The five key findings for when AM are advantageous were when: 1) certain parts are unavailable, 2) some parts can-not be bought separately from their assembly, 3) the costs of spare parts are high, 4) lead times are long, and 5) costs of parts produced by AM are lower than purchased parts. The evolution of AM technology, the AM cost and required competence for utilizing AM technology will be decisive for the configuration of AM supply chains in the future.

• Milanés, Anolan Yamilé & Jæger, Bjørn (2023). Teaching Programming Blockchain Applications to undergraduate students. NIKT: Norsk IKT-konferanse for forskning og utdanning. ISSN 1892-0713. p. 1–14. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  Blockchain is an technology with potential for supporting industrial applications with traceability and transparency. Unfortunately, the understanding necessary to make decisions regarding the adoption of the technology and to implement blockchain-based applications is still in short supply. We have designed and thought for two years an undergraduate course to help filling the talent gap that is undermining Blockchain adoption. The course is thought as a hands-on course, where students gain initial skills in developing supply management applications for the BSV blockchain. This paper describes the motivations and challenges of this course, discusses its main achievements and issues, and suggests guidelines to follow based on our observations and the student feedback.

• Jæger, Bjørn & Myrold, Sivert (2023). Textile industry circular supply chains and digital product passports : two case studies. In Alfnes, Erlend; Romsdal, Anita; Strandhagen, Jan Ola; Cieminski, Gregor von & Romero, David (Ed.), Advances in Production Management Systems. Production Management Systems for Responsible Manufacturing, Service, and Logistics Futures IFIP WG 5.7 International Conference, APMS 2023, Trondheim, Norway, September 17–21, 2023, Proceedings, Part IV. Springer. ISSN 9783031436888. p. 350–363. doi: 10.1007/978-3-031-43688-8_25. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  Home Advances in Production Management Systems. Production Management Systems for Responsible Manufacturing, Service, and Logistics Futures Conference paper Textile Industry Circular Supply Chains and Digital Product Passports. Two Case Studies Bjørn Jæger & Sivert Myrold Conference paper First Online: 14 September 2023 56 Accesses Part of the IFIP Advances in Information and Communication Technology book series (IFIPAICT,volume 692) Abstract The textile industry is the second largest polluting industry in the world resulting in significant social and environmental impacts throughout its supply chain. The industry experience increased stakeholder pressure to improve sustainability. The European Commission presented the EU strategy for sustainable and circular textiles to address issues such as the social and environmental costs of fast fashion, textile waste, the disposal of unsold textiles, and unethical labor practices. The concept of a Digital Product Passport (DPP) is proposed by EU as a key action under the EU’s Circular Economy Action Plan for the textile industry to mitigate such challenges. Central to DPP implementation are textile brand owners as they operate global supply chains getting products from manufacturing plants to stores. This paper investigates to what extent textile brand-owners are aware of the coming DPP requirements and how they approach DPP implementation by posing the research question: How is the textile industry using DPPs to move towards circular supply chains? Two case studies, one of a global enterprise and a small-and-medium sized enterprise found that major efforts into the use of DPP has been done by the global enterprise, while the SME company is still evaluating how to proceed to deploy DPP in their supply chain. The results are valuable for textile companies evaluating DPP for circularity improvements, and for researchers by challenges identified for future research.

• Hogset, Heidi; Alteren, Johanne; Jæger, Bjørn & Straume, Solveig (2022). Det vanskelige bærekraftsbegrepet. In Hogset, Heidi; Alteren, Johanne; Jæger, Bjørn & Straume, Solveig (Ed.), Bærekraft : Fjordantologien 2022. Universitetsforlaget. ISSN 9788215062938. p. 13–25. doi: 10.18261/9788215062938-2022-01. Full text in Research Archive
• Tømmervåg, Arild Samuelsen; Bach, Terje & Jæger, Bjørn (2022). Leveraging the competition : Robotic Process Automation (RPA) enabling competitive small and medium sized auditing firms, 2022 IEEE/SICE International Symposium on System Integration (SII 2022) : January 9-12, 2022 (Virtual Conference) Narvik, Norway. IEEE (Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers). ISSN 9781665445405. p. 833–837. doi: 10.1109/SII52469.2022.9708789. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  By using Robotic Process Automation (RPA) companies are looking to improve their performance. In RPA, robots, or ‘bots’, are software agents which carries out activities within software systems in the same way a human would [27], [30]. This positions RPA as a lightweight tool to automate information handling at the user interface layer of existing applications without the specialized technology skills required for automation at the logical and data layers [29]. Therefore, RPA is a potential tool for small and medium sized enterprises (SMEs) who cannot compete with larger firms in resources required for large scale automation. This paper presents a case study of how a small auditing firm use RPA to automate repetitive tasks freeing time that can be used for higher value-added tasks. The results show that RPA can eliminate workload bottlenecks and give access to more high-quality data for auditing at low costs. Interestingly, RPA caused process redesign that constituted 62,5% of the time savings, while the remaining 25% were attributed to RPA alone. The results are valuable for SMEs evaluating RPA as a tool for performance improvements, and for researchers by challenges identified for future research.

• Andersen, Terje & Jæger, Bjørn (2021). Circularity for electric and electronic equipment (EEE), the Edge and Distributed Ledger (Edge&DL) model. Sustainability. 13(17), p. 1–23. doi: 10.3390/su13179924. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  In the transition to a circular focus on electric and electronic products, manufacturers play a key role as the originators of both the products and the information about the products. While the waste electric and electronic equipment (WEEE) directive’s contemporary focus is on handling the product as waste after its end of life, the circular economy focuses on retaining the product’s value with a restorative system. The polluter-pays principle requires producers of pollution to bear the costs of handling the pollution, leading to the extended producer responsibility (EPR) principle. This requires manufacturers to change their focus from their current passive role of out-sourcing end-oflife treatment to taking explicit responsibility for product management over an extended period of time. This paper investigates how a manufacturer can assume its responsibility to achieve circularity for its products. Based on our findings, three fundamental circularity principles, the circular electric and electronic equipment (CEEE) principles, for manufactures of electronic and electrical equipment are defined: (1) Serialize product identifiers, (2) data controlled by their authoritative source at the edge, and (3) independent actors’ access to edge data via a distributer ledger are the foundation of the Edge and Distributed Ledger (Edge&DL) model. We demonstrate the model through a case study of how to achieve circularity for lighting equipment. The CEEE principles and the demonstrated model contribute to building new circularity systems for electronic and electric products that let manufacturers undertake their extended product responsibility. Keywords: circularity, circular supply chains, distributed ledger, edge computing, e-waste, WEEE, case study

• Tsvetkova, Antonina; Bach, Terje & Jæger, Bjørn (2021). Digital technologies within the supply chain management curriculum : an experiential learning approach to understanding knowledge co-creation (an essay). In Strømmen-Bakhtiar, Abbas; Helde, Roger & Suzen, Elisabeth (Ed.), Supplemental instruction : volume 1: digital technologies. Waxmann Verlag. ISSN 9783830943242. p. 87–104. doi: 10.31244/9783830993247. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  This study explores how knowledge co-creation in the learning process is affected and facilitated by digital technologies, in particular 3D printing and RFID reading. A qualitative single-case study presents the learning process in class based on a model of intermodal transportation with RFID reading and 3D-printed objects. Data from five semi-structured interviews, questionnaires, situation observations in three experiential labs, and archival materials are interpreted through the experiential learning approach to emphasize the role of 3D printing in learning and knowledge creation. The study reveals how digital technologies transform the learning process to help students develop practical skills in the supply chain management (SCM) field. The active experimentation further shows that the use of 3D printing and RFID reading encourage meaningful communication between students and lecturers and increases students’ active engagement in learning and knowledge creation. The findings reveal that the learning process in the digital era becomes transformed into increasingly new forms of integrative knowledge and competence, emphasizing practical and technical skills. It results in a shift from passive to active learning or from a teacher-centered to a student-centered approach to developing students’ practical skills for companies’ needs when adopting new technology in practice. The study shows the potential of digital technologies for further adoption in SCM and logistics curriculums beyond the so-called STEM disciplines. More empirical studies applying experiential learning are suggested on how learning from formal education and so-called strategic learning from companies’ experience can be integrated into the process of knowledge co-creation based on digital technology.

• Jæger, Bjørn; Menebo, Mesay Moges & Upadhyay, Arvind (2021). Identification of environmental supply chain bottlenecks : a case study of the Ethiopian healthcare supply chain. Management of Environmental Quality (MEQ). ISSN 1477-7835. 32(6), p. 1233–1254. doi: 10.1108/MEQ-12-2019-0277. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  The increasing rate of environmental concern and awareness by society has attracted attention from researchers and organisations to consider how to proceed towards green supply chains. The purpose of this paper is to identify operational bottlenecks in the multi-tier supply chain to guide organisations towards where to concentrate their efforts to address their supply chain environmental challenges.

• Klymenko, Olena; Halse, Lise Lillebrygfjeld & Jæger, Bjørn (2021). The enabling role of digital technologies in sustainability accounting : findings from Norwegian manufacturing companies. Systems. 9(2), p. 1–20. doi: 10.3390/systems9020033. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  Sustainability accounting is an emerging research area receiving growing awareness. This study examines the role of digital technology in manufacturing companies’ sustainability accounting. To guide the research, we use a triple layered business model canvas, which supports the accounting of a manufacturer’s performance for the economic, environmental, and social aspects of sustainability. We present an explorative case study of four Norwegian manufacturing companies representing different industries. The findings from the study indicate that while accounting for economic values is well taken care of, companies do not perform comprehensive environmental and social accounting. Furthermore, we observed a shift from a focus on sustainability issues related to the internal manufacturing process to a focus on sustainability issues for the life cycle of the product. Even though the manufacturers are at the forefront with regard to automation and control of production, with extensive use of robots giving a large amount of data, these data are not utilized towards sustainability accounting, showing that sustainability and digitalization are seen as two separate phenomena. This study sheds light on how digital data available from applied Industry 4.0 technologies could enhance sustainability accounting with limited efforts, linking sustainability and digitalization. The results provide insights for manufacturers and researchers in moving towards more sustainable operations and products. View Full-Text Keywords: sustainability accounting, manufacturing, digitalization, triple layered business model canvas

• Jæger, Bjørn & Lin, Ning (2021). Utilizing breakthrough innovations : the need for information sharing as a new key performance indicator for container port operations. In Hernández, Jorge E.; Li, Dong; Jiménez-Sánchez, José Elías; Cedillo-Campos, Miguel Gaston & Wenping, Luo (Ed.), Collaborative logistics and intermodality : integration in supply chain network models and solutions for global environments. Springer. ISSN 9783030509583. p. 135–157. doi: 10.1007/978-3-030-50958-3_8. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  This book presents new approaches to logistics solutions in global environments, with a special focus on collaborative logistics and intermodality. Contributions in this book are linked to two major initiatives in global logistics - H2020 MSCA-RISE-EU project EC-Asia Research Network on Integration of Global and Local Agri-Food Supply Chains Towards Sustainable Food Security (GOLF), and the ​International Conference on Logistics & Supply Chain (CiLOG). Topics covered in this book are: global logistics environments in manufacturing industries, key logistic decision-making parameters, global logistics management and its impact on container logistics processes, logistic market clusters and many more.

• Jæger, Bjørn & Upadhyay, Arvind (2020). Understanding barriers to circular economy : cases from the manufacturing industry. Journal of Enterprise Information Management. ISSN 1741-0398. 33(4), p. 729–745. doi: 10.1108/JEIM-02-2019-0047. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  Purpose Most companies include a commitment for sustainable growth involving a switch towards the circular economy (CE) model. The purpose of this paper is to present barriers to CE adoption identified by a literature review. The paper also addresses the particular challenges faced by manufacturers by answering the research question: What are the dominant barriers faced by the manufacturing industry in moving towards a CE? Design/methodology/approach This paper presents a literature review of research identifying barriers for adopting to CE in the manufacturing sector. The literature review is followed by a case study identifying barriers to CE as seen by ten companies within manufacturing, including the GS1 global information standardisation agency used by all manufacturers. Findings The manufacturers investigated focus mostly on recycling and waste reduction. These policies have low or very low CE effect. High CE effect policies like maintenance and reuse targeting the CE ideal of no waste, are nearly non-existent. The results identified seven main barriers to the CE: (1) high start-up costs, (2) complex supply chains, (3) challenging business-to-business (B2B) cooperation, (4) lack of information on product design and production, (5) lack of technical skills, (6) quality compromise and (7) disassembly of products is time-consuming and expensive. Research limitations/implications The data come from participants in a single country, Norway, although the manufacturers are multinational companies adhering to enterprise policies. Practical implications This research shows that all the companies interviewed are well aware of the growing need for their company to move towards more sustainable operations involving CE concepts. The barriers identified are explored, and the findings could guide such companies in their efforts to move to maintenance, reuse, remanufacture and recycle (M+3R) operational model. Social implications The study has found that the major barriers for implementation of CE are quality issues in recycled materials, supply chain complexities, coordination problems between companies, design and production of the product, disassembly of products and high start-up/ investment costs. Originality/value The research shows how the transition towards a CE takes place in manufacturing industries by studying the manufacturing sector. Keywords: circular economy, manufacturing industry, barriers of circular economy

• Andersen, Terje; Jæger, Bjørn & Mishra, Alok (2020). Circularity in waste electrical and electronic equipment (WEEE) directive. Comparison of a manufacturer's Danish and Norwegian operations. Sustainability. 12(13), p. 1–15. doi: 10.3390/su12135236. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  Waste electrical and electronic equipment (WEEE) as a reverse supply chain (RSC) has a low degree of circularity, mainly focusing on recovering or recycling. Targets to increase the circularity have recently been introduced in the EU WEEE directive. In this case study, we have investigated how WEEE is handled within an electric and electronic (EE) equipment manufacturer. The case study includes findings from two different Nordic countries, Norway and Denmark, with interviews of six stakeholders. The case study shows that there are significant differences in how the case company fulfills its extended producer responsibility (EPR), especially related to reporting. The study also found that there is a mismatch between the ambitions in the WEEE directive and a company’s approach related to circularity in the end-of-life phase of an EE product. Based on the results of this case study and from the literature we propose recommendations on alignment with other directives and on a common information regime within the WEEE RSC. Keywords: waste electrical and electronic equipment (WEEE); product information flow; reverse supply chain; manufacturer; circularity.

• Jæger, Bjørn & Ruef, Beni (2020). Digital transformation of manufacturing record books – An ontology-based case study. CEUR Workshop Proceedings. 2574, p. 100–107. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  Manufacturers in the oil and gas industry face increasing documentation requirements of assets for compliance, quality assurance and contractual purposes. The documentation includes hundreds of documents for each asset that are compiled into a Manufacturer Record Book (MRB) to be delivered with the asset. The MRB is created by collecting all necessary documents and storing them in the MRB as scanned copies in PDF format. Creating an MRB is a cumbersome, error-prone and time-consuming activity. Using an MRB in PDF format is equally hard as it requires humans to search and extract data. Several initiatives have been undertaken by joint industrial projects and standardization agencies to represent the documents by their data in a language understandable to computers and humans. It has been proven that ontologies are effective tools in digitalization by making data from diverse sources interoperable. This paper presents a case study of MRB digitalization for CodeIT, a company developing software solutions for industrial applications. The focus is on creating an ontology for a welding certificate, following an Extract-Transform-Load (ETL) procedure that extracts data from a welding certificate in PDF format and uses the ontology for transforming the data into subject-predicate-object triples in a Resource Description Framework (RDF) model. The results demonstrate the applicability of ontologies for digital transformations. Keywords: manufacturing record Book, ontology, interoperability, FAIR principles, digitalization

• Klymenko, Olena; Halse, Lise Lillebrygfjeld & Jæger, Bjørn (2020). Towards sustainability : the manufacturers’ perspective. In Lalic, Bojan; Majstorovic, Vidosav; Marjanovic, Ugljesa; Cieminski, Gregor von & Romero, David (Ed.), Advances in production management systems : Towards smart and digital manufacturing : IFIP WG 5.7 International Conference, APMS 2020, Novi Sad, Serbia, August 30 – September 3, 2020, Proceedings, Part II. Springer. ISSN 9783030579975. p. 174–181. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  Moving towards more sustainable operations is a challenging goal for industries. The growth of interest in corporate sustainability performance has brought attention to the importance of accounting and transparency across economic, environmental and social dimensions. This paper provides an explorative study addressing sustainability from the perspective of industrial firms. The paper presents case studies on the application of the Triple Layered Business Model Canvas, which allows for relevant insight into how firms account for economic, environmental and social values. The findings show that while accounting for economic values is well taken care of, accounting for environmental values are at an initial stage, and accounting for social values are virtually lacking. Thus, the ability for the industrial firms to conduct a sustainability assessment is limited. The opportunities lie in the adaptation of digital technologies providing cost efficient feedback mechanisms for environmental and social values. This can support environmental and social accounting, giving industrial managers a decision management tool to guide their transition towards more sustainable operations, and aligning company goals with the UN Sustainable Development. Keywords: sustainability, manufacturing, triple layered business model, digitalization

• Jæger, Bjørn; Bruckenberger, Sophie A. & Mishra, Alok (2020). Critical success factors for ERP consultancies : a case study. Scandinavian Journal of Information Systems (SJIS). ISSN 0905-0167. 32(2), p. 169–202. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  ERP implementation is a complex and expensive project for organisations because it touches upon social, behavioural and technical issues. This article presents an in-depth case study of an ERP consultancy in order to comprehensively understand ERP implementation from the consultancy’s perspective. Interviews were conducted with consultants, project managers, senior managers and other employees. The interview responses indicate that both the client and the consultancy measure success in terms of quantifiable units of time, cost and scope. In addition, qualitative measures of client maturity and client satisfaction are central to achieving project success for the consultancy when implementing ERP systems. Through incorporating critical success factors (CSFs) in the project methodology, the consultancy can ensure repeatable implementation processes, which contribute to a higher probability of success for both the consultancy and its clients. This study contributes by identifying consultancy CSFs: project management, IT environment, training and education, change management, and maintenance and support. Furthermore, the client’s maturity, and the management of client expectations are identified as unique CSFs for the ERP consultancy. This study will be beneficial for ERP consultancies, practitioners and researchers.

• Aravazhi, Agaraoli; Helgheim, Berit & Jæger, Bjørn (2020). Investigation of the influence of product variety on inventories in hospitals. Engineering Management in Production and Services. ISSN 2543-6597. 12(1), p. 34–44. doi: 10.2478/emj-2020-0003. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  The literature on product variety provides great insights into various businesses. However, little research has been conducted on product variety in the healthcare industry. This study aims to explore the influence of product variety on inventory in hospitals. Since most hospitals are known to replenish products using a homegrown ad-hoc system, a model is developed for exploring all possible product combinations and substitutions. This article presents the behaviour of product substitution, which may be either one-to-one or many-to-one for both sterile and non-sterile products, in the hospital with cost factors. It discusses the product variety reduction and its corresponding cost impacts. The data on a hospital inventory over the course of six years has been procured from a hospital in Norway. Based on the results, the hospital could have a potential product variety reduction of approximately 11% and cost savings from the spending of approximately NOK 3.6 million. Reducing the variety of products in hospital inventories proves to be an approach to reducing costs. The model developed for the research is universal in nature and could be used in other fields, such as retail, marketing etc.

• Jæger, Bjørn & Mishra, Alok (2020). IoT platform for seafood farmers and consumers. Sensors. 20(15), p. 1–15. doi: 10.3390/s20154230. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  There has been a strong growth in aquatic products supported by the global seafood industry. Consumers demand information transparency to support informed decisions and to verify nutrition, food safety, and sustainable operations. Supporting these needs rests on the existence of interoperable Internet of Things (IoT) platforms for traceability that goes beyond the minimum “one up, one down” scheme required by regulators. Seafood farmers, being the source of both food and food-information, are critical to achieving the needed transparency. Traditionally, seafood farmers carry the costs of providing information, while downstream actors reap the benefits, causing limited provision of information. Now, global standards for labelling, data from IoT devices, and the reciprocity of utility from collecting data while sharing them represent great potential for farmers to generate value from traceability systems. To enable this, farmers need an IoT platform integrated with other IoT platforms in the value network. This paper presents a case study of an enterprise-level IoT platform for seafood farmers that satisfies consumers’ end-to-end traceability needs while extracting data from requests for information from downstream actors. Keywords: IoT platform, seafood traceability, seafood farmer, reciprocity, supply chain, value

• Jæger, Bjørn; Bach, Terje & Pedersen, Simen Alexander (2019). A blockchain application supporting the manufacturing value chain. In Ameri, Farhad; Stecke, Kathryn E.; Cieminski, Gregor von & Kiritsis, Dimitris (Ed.), Advances in Production Management Systems. Production Management for the Factory of the Future : IFIP WG 5.7 International Conference, APMS 2019, Austin, TX, USA, September 1–5, 2019, Proceedings, Part I. Springer. ISSN 9783030299996. p. 466–473. doi: 10.1007/788-3-030-30000-5_58. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  Blockchain applications supporting the manufacturing value chain are beginning to appear; early adaptors are testing blockchain technology for applications like trace and track, life cycle management by digital twins, protection of intellectual property rights, enforcement of licensing agreements, and trading platforms for 3D printed parts. The aim of this paper is to discuss the use of blockchain applications in the value chain of manufacturers followed by a case study of a blockchain application used in the value chain of a Norwegian furniture manufacturer involving the manufacturer, a third-party service provider, a retailer, and the end-customer. The application supports a product configurator providing product selection and customization, a delivery planner and a product tracker using an open public blockchain for inter-organizational data-sharing. Keywords: manufacturing value Chain, inter-organizational processes, blockchain

• Halse, Lise Lillebrygfjeld & Jæger, Bjørn (2019). Operationalizing Industry 4.0 : understanding barriers of Industry 4.0 and circular economy. In Ameri, Farhad; Stecke, Kathryn E.; Cieminski, Gregor von & Kiritsis, Dimitris (Ed.), Advances in Production Management Systems. Towards Smart Production Management Systems : IFIP WG 5.7 International Conference, APMS 2019, Austin, TX, USA, September 1–5, 2019, Proceedings, Part II. Springer. ISSN 9783030299965. p. 135–142. doi: 10.1007/978-3-030-29996-5_16. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  The manufacturing industry has to withstand an increasing competition requiring customization of products, shorter time to market and a transition towards more sustainable operations and products. There is a need for a transition to business models that incorporate sustainability while keeping business activities profitable. Leveraging the advantages of new technologies within the concept of Industry 4.0 is seen as an important factor to maintain competitiveness while responding to the sustainability challenge. Changing the way businesses operate is not easy as is evident from studies that have identified many barriers, including costs, lack of competence, loss of jobs, and process, product or production facilities not suitable for Industry 4.0. Due to these barriers, firms are slow to make a transition towards customized products, shorter lead times and more sustainable operations and products. The commitment for sustainability includes a shift towards Circular Economy (CE) that poses additional barriers like geographic dispersion, product complexity, and lock-in to the contemporary linear ‘take-make-consume-dispose’ model of operation. This paper addresses how manufacturers perceive Industry 4.0, what motivates their investments in Industry 4.0, and what barriers they see in adapting Industry 4.0 followed by a literature review identifying barriers for adhering to CE in the manufacturing industry sector. The study offers empirical insights identifying a need for a roadmap for implementation of Industry 4.0 to support CE as well as providing directions for future research. Keywords: Industry 4.0, manufacturing technology, sustainability, circular economy

• Bach, Terje; Jæger, Bjørn & Hoff, Arild (2018). Production planning and control as routing in manufacturing networks. The MENDEL Soft Computing journal : International Conference on Soft Computing MENDEL. ISSN 1803-3814. 24(2), p. 1–8. doi: 10.13164/mendel.2018.2.001. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  In this paper, we explore the use of network routing for production planning and control in manufacturing of complex industrial products. Such a product is the result of a joint effort of many manufacturing companies; each considered a collection of work centre nodes connected by transportation links forming a company-wide manufacturing network. Each company is, in turn considered a manufacturing node connected to other manufacturers by transportation links forming a distributed manufacturing network that produces the final product. We model the manufacturing network as a distribution network where the incoming and outgoing inventories of products are distinct nodes in addition to the work centre nodes. Production planning and control are done by minimizing the cost of handling all products in all work centre nodes. This formulation provides a scalable and flexible production planning and control scheme adhering to the networked structure of manufacturing of complex products. We apply the model to a company-wide manufacturing network as a first approach. A case study using the model demonstrates production planning using network routing at a manufacturer of ship propulsion engines. Keywords: discrete manufacturing, next generation manufacturing systems, industry 4.0, advanced manufacturing, smart manufacturing

• Rudra, Amit; Jæger, Bjørn & Ludvigsen, Kristine (2018). Decision-making supported by virtual-world systems vis-à-vis enterprise systems’ uncertainty and equivocality. In Gregory, Sue & Wood, Denise (Ed.), Authentic virtual world education : facilitating cultural engagement and creativity. Springer. ISSN 9789811063824. p. 175–197. doi: 10.1007/978-981-10-6382-4_11. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  Business decision-making is based on a combination of explicit and tacit knowledge. Tacit knowledge is difficult to codify, manage and share in the same manner as explicit knowledge. The ability to share tacit knowledge offers great value to an organisation. The growing level of global business activities leads to an increasingly competitive environment with a greater demand for communication of tacit knowledge over distance. This chapter presents a study of the suitability of virtual-worlds for business decision-making over distance involving the exchange of tacit knowledge to support decisions at the tactical and strategic management layers. The avatar, being the primary interaction object in virtual-worlds, forms the basis of a model of the role concept in user-to-user communication. We present a case study showing how the selection of an avatar reflects the user’s role, and how an avatar situates the user in a business environment. Our study shows that virtual-worlds support the mediation of tacit knowledge. This is contrasted with state-of-the-art enterprise business systems commonly used for business transactions based on explicit knowledge exchanged over distance. The avatar is found to fulfil the role of the communicator and the role expectations from real-life situations. Our findings show that virtual-worlds have unique properties in supporting tacit knowledge exchange required for decision-making in a distributed business environment.

• Jæger, Bjørn & Halse, Lise Lillebrygfjeld (2017). The IoT technological maturity assessment scorecard : a case study of Norwegian manufacturing companies. In Lödding, Hermann; Riedel, Ralph; Thoben, Klaus-Dieter; Cieminski, Gregor von & Kiritsis, Dimitris (Ed.), Advances in production management systems : the path to intelligent, collaborative and sustainable manufacturing : IFIP WG 5.7 International Conference, APMS 2017 : Hamburg, Germany, September 3–7, 2017 : Proceedings, Part I. Springer. ISSN 9783319669229. p. 143–150. doi: 10.1007/978-3-319-66923-6_17. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  The accelerated use of technologies has led to what is termed the fourth industrial revolution, or Industry 4.0. It is based on machinery, robots, production lines, items and operators connected via the Internet to each other and to back-end systems, as a part of the Internet of Things (IoT). In this paper, we propose a new IoT Technological Maturity Assessment Scorecard that can assist manufacturers in adopting IoT-technologies. To demonstrate the Scorecard, we present a case study applying the scorecard in four Norwegian manufacturing companies. Keywords: Industry 4.0, Internet of Things, Maturity model, Manufacturing.

• Jæger, Bjørn & Lin, Ning (2016). The changing nature of cargo container handling needs information sharing as a key performance indicator. In Zhang, Runtong; Zhang, Juliang; Hensher, David; Fu, Xiaowen; Hua, Guowei & Tang, Mincong (Ed.), International Conference on Logistics, Informatics and Service Sciences (LISS 2016) : Proceeding. IEEE (Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers). ISSN 9781509011018. p. 1–9. doi: 10.1109/LISS.2016.7854523. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  The growth in world trade is doubling every 5-7 years with a corresponding increase in cargo container movements most of which are handled by seaports. Moving more traffic through the limited area of a seaport can only be achieved by an increase in port performance. Ship owners, terminal operators and forwarding agents each have optimized their performance guided by values collected on key performance indicators. However, our results from a case study at Oslo port shows that operations suffer from insufficient information sharing resulting in an unused integration potential which not captured by the current performance indicators. We propose a new Information Sharing Indicator calculated as the sum of zero/one variables showing whether electronic information sharing between actors is shared (1) or not shared (0), plus with a value metric measuring the level of the information shared on a scale from 1 (lowest) to 3 (highest). We propose to extend the multi-dimensional port performance measurement framework commonly used by ports by extending it with the Information Sharing Indicator.

• Jæger, Bjørn & Hjelle, Harald M. (2015). Handling multi-party complexities in container flows in the upstream oil and gas supply Chain : potential lessons for an application to intercontinental container supply chains. In ., IEEE (Eds.), The 3rd International Conference on Transportation Information and Safety ICTIS), June 25 – June 28 2015, Wuhan, China. IEEE (Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers). ISSN 9781479986934. p. 661–668. doi: 10.1109/ICTIS.2015.7232128. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  The LogisticsHub is an event tracking solution to manage information of cargo carrying units (CCUs) and their content along the upstream oil and gas supply chain. The main objective is to facilitate the best possible flow of information between the companies in the oil and gas sector related to offshore upstream oil exploration and production activities. The LogisticsHub uses the EPCIS (Electronic Product Code Information Service) standard by GS1 for tracking events and for creating dashboard applications accessing the data. In the first version the focus is on tracking CCUs (cargo container units), while in the second version also the content of the containers will be tracked. The increased visibility enables enhanced performance of actors along the chain. In this paper we show how the overall complexity of multi-party information flows is reduced by the introduction of hubs, and how this contribute to improve performance of the supply chain as a whole and for each actor. Each actor in the supply chain generates tracking data into the LogisticsHub in a push fashion. The data enables the parties to evaluate their performance based on actual location data, and enhances the resilience of the supply chain. Based on lessons from the early stages of the EPIM LogisticsHub solution we evaluate the relevance of this design in a more general intercontinental container supply chain setting. The LogisticsHub solution is contrasted with the data pipeline concept being based on a pull approach to gather tracking data. The data pipeline has been developed under the recent EU-funded Cassandra project.

• Jæger, Bjørn; Rudra, Amit; Aitken, Ashley; Chang, Vanessa & Helgheim, Berit Irene (2015). Bridging the knowing-doing gap in global supply chain education. Communications of the Association for Information Systems. 36, p. 393–420. doi: 10.17705/1cais.03621. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  Streamlining the operation of the extended global supply chain is challenging since it involves a multitude of information systems and companies in several countries. Academia partly fails to fulfill the demand for candidates with the knowledge and skills for executing international business transactions. Consequently, we lack candidates who can translate theory into actions, thereby creating a knowledge-doing gap. This paper contributes to bridging this gap by introducing a new learning activity: the global supply chain learning activity denoted as the GSC-Activity. The GSC-Activity lets students execute export and import transactions in an international business-to-business environment involving several companies while handling both the inter-company order flow and the internal order management cycles at each company using their ERP system. This provides student with deep exposure to the information flow along the chain and experience in executing export and import processes of each company. We provide a workable example of the GSC-Activity with a case study repeated over several semesters involving students from Australia and Norway.

• Jæger, Bjørn & Rudra, Amit (2013). Educational activities and a competency framework for meeting new challenges in higher education. Journal of Systemics, Cybernetics and Informatics (JSCI). ISSN 1690-4532. 11(1), p. 28–32. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  In his article we explore how educational institutions are faced with changes in the modern global business environment, and how this leads to need for changes in curricula for business schools and information systems schools. Most of academia still uses a strict disciplinary model of education resulting in a high degree of specialization within each discipline while the modern business environments require knowledge workers who can address problems that cut across disciplines on an increasingly global scale. Research papers and governmental reports call for more emphasis on particularly three interdisciplinary topics; 1) competencies in globalization issues, 2) communication/working in team, and 3) information literacy. The disciplines of business and in particular information systems education have received much attention in this respect with several calls for change. How to bring about such a change is, however, still an open question. This paper proposes to address this issue in two ways; by suggesting two new educational activities and by proposing a new educational interdisciplinary competency framework to guide curriculum development when including interdisciplinary topics.

• Rudra, Amit; Jæger, Bjørn; Aitken, Ashley; Chang, Vanessa & Helgheim, Berit Irene (2011). Virtual team role play using Second Life for teaching business process concepts. In Jr., Ralph H. Sprague, (Eds.), Proceedings of the 44th Annual Hawaii International Conference on System Sciences : 4-7 January 2011 Koloa, Kauai, Hawaii : ABSTRACTS and CD-ROM of Full Papers. IEEE (Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers). ISSN 9780769542829. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  This paper describes the use of a virtual world environment to facilitate a role play assignment for buying and selling Enterprise Resource Planning (ERP) software solutions in a distributed environment. The exercise involved the use of Second Life to facilitate the virtual presentation and meeting among the vendors and the purchaser of the software. Students playing vendors and purchase roles were organized into teams who meet, collaborate, and negotiate business transactions in the virtual environment. The aim of the experiment was to introduce students to properties of ERP-systems which are the most common software systems used by businesses, and at the same time introduce tools for virtual team collaboration in an international setting between students in Norway and Australia. This paper reports the experiences from the students’ and teachers’ perspectives and we give recommendations regarding the use of Second Life in role-playing exercises.

• Jæger, Bjørn & Helgheim, Berit Irene (2011). Globalization creates new challenges in higher education - two new educational activities addressing the challenges. In Pachura, Piotr (Eds.), New knowledge in a new era of globalization. IntechOpen. ISSN 9789533075013. Full text in Research Archive
• Jæger, Bjørn & Helgheim, Berit Irene (2011). Virtual team role playing : development of a learning environment. In Vincenti, Giovanni & Braman, James (Ed.), Multi-user virtual environments for the classroom : practical approaches to teaching in virtual worlds. IGI Global. ISSN 9781609605452. p. 316–332. doi: 10.4018/978-1-60960-545-2.ch020. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  Working in a virtual world creates new opportunities for both students and teachers. In particular, virtual team role play provides excellent support for collaborative learning approaches in a cost efficient manner. The purpose of this chapter is to describe experiences developing a virtual team role play learning environment in Second Life® over a period of three years. Theoretical justification for bringing role playing into a virtual world is provided. The chapter outlines the role play, its setup in both real and virtual world, and describes how it has evolved from a setup at one university, to a distributed case involving several locations. Experiences from role playing sessions are presented for each year.

• Jæger, Bjørn; Rudra, Amit; Aitken, Ashley; Chang, Vanessa & Helgheim, Berit Irene (2010). Teaching business process concepts using enterprise systems in a globalized context. Proceedings of the Annual Hawaii International Conference on System Sciences (HICSS). ISSN 1530-1605. p. 1–10. doi: 10.1109/HICSS.2010.362. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  There is significant growth in global business operations and ERP systems are deemed as important applications in order to unify and improve fragmented and globalised markets. These systems are complex and students struggle to grasp not only the underlying business concepts but also the technology involved. This paper describes the design and implementation of teaching materials for a multinational cross-company collaboration assignment using a commercial ERP system. It includes elements of i) integrated business processes, ii) globalization and iii) experiential learning in Masters courses at two universities - one in Australia and the other in Norway. We discuss the lessons learned from the pilot study including the development of an evaluation tool, inter-university student communication, evaluation of the learning outcome, and the benefits of the cross-country business role play exercise.

• Molka-Danielsen, Judith Ann; Carter, Bryan; Richardson, David & Jæger, Bjørn (2009). Teaching and learning affectively within a virtual campus. International Journal of Networking and Virtual Organisations (IJNVO). ISSN 1470-9503. 6(5), p. 476–498. Full text in Research Archive
• Jæger, Bjørn & Helgheim, Berit Irene (2009). Role play study in a purchase management class. In Molka-Danielsen, Judith Ann & Deutschmann, Mats (Ed.), Learning and teaching in the virtual world of Second Life. Tapir Akademisk Forlag. ISSN 9788251923538. p. 115–123. Full text in Research Archive
• Jæger, Bjørn (2009). What educational activities fit virtual worlds : towards a theoretical evaluation framework. In ., Ukjent (Eds.), Third IEEE International Conference on Digital Ecosystems and Technologies : IEEE-DEST 2009 - Program and book of abstracts. IEEE (Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers). ISSN 9781424423453. p. 715–720. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  Many universities and colleges are investing in teaching and learning developments in virtual worlds despite a lack of any clear guidelines or rules for when virtual worlds will provide benefits over established communication media. Among activities that have been successfully tried out so far are interpersonal role play and oral language education, while other practices like traditional lecturing and business transaction orientated role plays seem to be less suitable for successful implementation. Our objective in this paper is to develop an evaluative framework educational for educational activities in virtual worlds based on Media Richness and Task Closure Theories from Management Information Systems. We demonstrate the use of the framework for three educational activities conducted in the Virtual World of Second Life.

• Jæger, Bjørn; Doucette, John & Tipper, David (2007). Network survivability, Information assurance : dependability and security in networked systems (The Morgan Kaufmann Series in Networking). Elsevier. p. 81–108. Full text in Research Archive
• Jæger, Bjørn & Danielsen, Ketil (2006). On rerouting in MPLS based networks. WSEAS Transactions on Communications. ISSN 1109-2742. 5(10), p. 2024–2030. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  In this paper we consider the problem of rerouting after a failure in MPLS based networks. MPLS technology enables scalable VPNs and end-to-end QoS over the Internet which requires efficient fault recovery in presence of link or node failures. A major factor on network performance in connection oriented packet switched networks is the transient congestion that results from restored Label Switched Paths trying to retransmit packets lost since the failure. We focus on the step in the restoration process where new recovery paths are selected, and we discuss various strategies for picking paths in order to reduce the transient effects on network performance after a failure. We present results from a simulation-based performance study of four routing algorithms. The results show that using dedicated fault recovery routing algorithms can improve MPLS-network performance after a failure compared to steady state algorithms.

• Molka-Danielsen, Judith Ann; Ohren, Ottar & Jæger, Bjørn (2005). Broadband infrastructure and rural regional development in Norway. Transactions on Internet Research. ISSN 1820-4503. 1(1), p. 41–48. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  This paper reports on findings of two surveys conducted in April 2001 and November 2002 on broadband infrastructure and utilization of ICT services in 38 local governments of one county in Norway. Services include internal administrative services for the employees and services to the residents of the communities. We examine how well actual adoption of services had met with expectations. Findings show adoption and use was not as pervasive as expected. Our study is compared to several other regional area studies carried out in Spain. We conclude this can be an inhibitor to this area's regional economic development.

• Jæger, Bjørn & Tipper, David (2003). Prioritized traffic restoration in connection oriented QoS based networks. Computer Communications. ISSN 0140-3664. 26(18), p. 2025–2036. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  Connection oriented quality-of-service (QoS) based networks offer several service classes each designed to handle connections supporting various types of applications. A network failure will typically result in a large number of disrupted connections in each service class, all of which need to be restored simultaneously. In this paper we propose a distributed fault recovery priority scheme for dynamic restoration of connections. The proposed scheme exploits available network resources immediately after a failure together with properties of typical applications carried by the connections in order to give the applications sufficient network performance. The scheme is formulated within the context of switched virtual circuit routing in ATM networks, but it is applicable to ATM virtual path restoration as well and to other class based QoS networks like DiffServ MPLS based networks. The priority based restoration scheme is formulated as a centralized path flow integer programming optimization problem serving as a comparison benchmark for suboptimal distributed schemes. We propose a distributed heuristic scheme and give numerical results illustrating the quality of the proposed distributed scheme in comparison to the centralized optimal approach. Our numerical results show that the proposed distributed scheme can significantly improve utilization of network resources and enhance network performance after a failure.

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• Hogset, Heidi; Alteren, Johanne; Jæger, Bjørn & Straume, Solveig (2022). Bærekraft : Fjordantologien 2022. Universitetsforlaget. ISBN 9788215062938. 321 p. Full text in Research Archive
• Jæger, Bjørn (2015). NOFOMA 2015 : Post Conference Proceedings, Molde, 3-5 June 2015, Nordic Logistics Research Network. Nordic Logistics Research Network. ISBN 9788279622079. 341 p. Full text in Research Archive
• Molka-Danielsen, Judith; Ohren, Ottar & Jæger, Bjørn (2007). NOKOBIT 2006 - Norsk konferanse for organisasjoners bruk av informasjonsteknologi. Tapir Akademisk Forlag. ISBN 9788251921879. 177 p. Full text in Research Archive

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• Jæger, Bjørn; Aggarwal, Swati; Andersen, Terje Lauvaas & Bukový, Adam (2026). Tillit til KI betyr ikke å lukke øynene. doi: https:/www.rbnett.no/meninger/o/6qLVAr/tillit-til-ki-betyr-ikke-aa-lukke-oeynene. Full text in Research Archive
• Aggarwal, Swati & Jæger, Bjørn (2025). Digital fotballhistorie fortelles best med KI. p. 30–30. Full text in Research Archive
• Aggarwal, Swati & Jæger, Bjørn (2025). Digital fotballhistorie fortelles best med KI. doi: https:/www.tk.no/digital-fotballhistorie-fortelles-best-med-ki/o/5-51-1744872?key=2025-10-01T10%3A38%3A29.000Z%2Fretriever%2F5254722e7fcd708c3f6552dbc7df2795c844b264. Full text in Research Archive
• Ølnes, Svein; Jæger, Bjørn & Svendsen, Njord V. (2024). Høgskule i kryptokrangel : blir skulda for å undervise i svindelvaluta. [Journal]. Khrono.no. Full text in Research Archive
• Milanés, Anolan Yamilé & Jæger, Bjørn (2023). Teaching Programming Blockchain Applications to undergraduate students. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  Blockchain is an technology with potential for supporting industrial applications with traceability and transparency. Unfortunately, the understanding necessary to make decisions regarding the adoption of the technology and to implement blockchain-based applications is still in short supply. We have designed and thought for two years an undergraduate course to help filling the talent gap that is undermining Blockchain adoption. The course is thought as a hands-on course, where students gain initial skills in developing supply management applications for the BSV blockchain. This paper describes the motivations and challenges of this course, discusses its main achievements and issues, and suggests guidelines to follow based on our observations and the student feedback.

• Jæger, Bjørn; Røeggen, Vidar; Børresen, Anne Kristine; Nøland, Jonas Kristiansen; Fosso, Olav B & Rasetti, Luca [Show all 8 contributors for this article] (2021). Samme uke som forskernes artikkel ble publisert, endte tidsskriftet på gråsoneliste. [Journal]. Khrono.no. Full text in Research Archive
• Bach, Terje & Jæger, Bjørn (2020). Digitalization of inventory management : direct distribution effects. Full text in Research Archive
• Klymenko, Olena; Halse, Lise Lillebrygfjeld & Jæger, Bjørn (2020). Towards sustainability : the manufacturers’ perspective. Full text in Research Archive
• Bach, Terje & Jæger, Bjørn (2020). Digitalization of inventory management : direct distribution effects. In ., Ukjent (Eds.), 27th EurOMA Conference : Book of Proceedings. European Operations Management Association. p. 523–531. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  Industrial manufacturers are moving to a digital world driven by rapid technological developments and the need for costs reductions. Industry 4.0 technologies give more information on most aspects of industrial production, including the inventory management process. This paper investigate how digital technologies of Industry 4.0 can provide information that support the claim that information substitute inventory. This is linked with a case study investigating how a manufacturer use information to manage their current inventory. The findings show a potential to reconsider inventory management strategies in general, and that the manufacturer studied have challenges that can be alleviated by adhering to the information handling strategies identified. Keywords: industry 4.0, inventory level, information

• Jæger, Bjørn; Bach, Terje & Pedersen, Simen Alexander (2019). A blockchain application supporting the manufacturing value chain. Full text in Research Archive
• Jæger, Bjørn; Halse, Lise Lillebrygfjeld; Naz, Farah & Rahim, Khadija Khudai (2019). Towards circular economy in manufacturing : identification of barriers seen by Norwegian manufacturing companies. In ., Ukjent (Eds.), Operations Adding Value to Society : 26th EurOMA Conference Helsinki, Finland, June 17-19 2019 : Conference Proceedings. EurOMA. p. 3496–3505. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  Most companies include in their strategy, a commitment for sustainable growth which involves a switch towards a circular economy (CE). A CE transition is hindered by barriers that must be overcome to comply with sustainable growth. In this paper we identify barriers faced by industries, and we propose solutions for how to overcome these barriers. The main barriers were found to be complexities in supply chain, coordination problems, quality issues, little attention to CE in production and design, difficulties in disassembly of products and high start-up costs. To overcome these barriers, we present a model supporting life cycle information. Keywords: circular economy, sustainability, barriers

• Klymenko, Olena; Halse, Lise Lillebrygfjeld; Jæger, Bjørn & Nerger, Allan James (2019). Digitalization and environmental sustainability : what are the opportunities? In ., Ukjent (Eds.), Operations Adding Value to Society : 26th EurOMA Conference Helsinki, Finland, June 17-19 2019 : Conference Proceedings. EurOMA. p. 3880–3889. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  This paper provides an explorative study on digitalization and sustainability from the angle of industrial firms. The paper presents case studies on application of the Triple Layered Business Model Canvas, which allowed for relevant insight into the field. The findings in this study show that companies do not capture sufficient sustainability data along their supply chain in order to conduct an overall sustainability assessment. The opportunities lies in adaptation of new technologies, which allow collecting data along each phase of life cycle of a product. Four Sustainable Development Goals by United Nations that are aligned to Industry 4.0 are addressed. Keywords: sustainability, manufacturing, clusters, digitalization

• Klymenko, Olena; Halse, Lise Lillebrygfjeld; Nerger, Allan James & Jæger, Bjørn (2019). Digitalization and environmental sustainability : what are the opportunities? Full text in Research Archive
• Jæger, Bjørn; Halse, Lise Lillebrygfjeld; Naz, Farah & Rahim, Khadija Khudai (2019). Towards circular economy in manufacturing : identification of barriers seen by Norwegian manufacturing companies. Full text in Research Archive
• Jæger, Bjørn & Aravazhi, Agaraoli (2018). Preparing the digital workforce : best-practices in teaching SAP. Full text in Research Archive
• Jæger, Bjørn & Bach, Terje (2018). Produksjonsnettverk – en god ide? Full text in Research Archive
• Bach, Terje; Jæger, Bjørn & Halse, Lise Lillebrygfjeld (2018). Manufacturing-as-a-service : on the need for quantified quality of manufacturing services. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  To realize the potential of manufacturing resources and capabilities, the concept of manufacturing networks are emerging with production facilities as network nodes providing manufacturing services. We present a design in which node and link capabilities offer manufacturing as services with predefinedquality-of-servicelevelsthatcanservevariouscustomerdemand.

• Jæger, Bjørn (2018). Technologies for digitalization of manufacturing supply chains. Full text in Research Archive
• Dugnas, Karolis & Jæger, Bjørn (2018). From capacity to flexibility : introducing flexibility as a key performance indicator in ETO-manufacturing. Full text in Research Archive
• Dugnas, Karolis & Jæger, Bjørn (2018). Operational planning and control in Engineer-To-Order (ETO) : rethinking performance measurement in the Industry 4.0 context. Full text in Research Archive
• Halse, Lise Lillebrygfjeld & Jæger, Bjørn (2018). Kompetanse i en digital tid. p. 26–26. Full text in Research Archive
• Jæger, Bjørn (2018). Operational planning and control in Engineer-To-Order (ETO) : fundamentals of Industry 4.0 and Manufacturing Networks 4.0. Full text in Research Archive
• Jæger, Bjørn (2018). Manufacturing Networks 4.0. Full text in Research Archive
• Jæger, Bjørn (2017). Revolusjonen uten navn. p. 39–39. Full text in Research Archive
• Menebo, Mesay Moges & Jæger, Bjørn (2017). Mitigating supply chain challenges through the application of a new, sequential assessment tool - MIAAF –developed based on a case study of a pharmaceutical supply chain. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  The two facilitators analyzed a case study of the Ethiopian Public Health Commodity Supply System (EPHCSS) which is supplying more than 3000 health institutions all over the country. The supply network actors are manufacturers, third party transportation providers, the governmental Pharmaceuticals Fund and Supply Agency (PFSA) with a central hub, 11 regional hubs and 7 subhubs, and the health institutions. Process and activity flows of the supply network was mapped in a process model to get a thorough understanding of the EPHCSS. Analysis of the model identified tension points relating to each of the supply chain challenges- stock outs, overstock, counterfeit products and inefficient recalls. To analyze the tension points identified, data was collected using a triangulation of interviews of actors in the supply network, standard operating procedures, and the authors work experience in the Ethiopian health supply system. Based on the process model and the analysis, we identified the potential for mitigating supply chain challenges by enhancing visibility. Based on the insight of the case study, the constraints of the Ethiopian supply system, references to similar projects, and cases from literature; improvement recommendations are suggested. Finally, those improvement recommendations are analyzed for a fitness of relevance using supply chain visibility scorecard methodology.

• Menebo, Mesay Moges & Jæger, Bjørn (2017). Quantitatively measuring supply chain visibility : application of a novel approach – along the pharmaceutical supply chain. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  As a key motivation to explore approaches to improve supply chain performance, SCV measures can tell where to put the focus. SCV is rated as the most important measure for supply chain performance both by business leaders and researchers. In a wide perspective, authors define SCV as the ability of a focal company and related actors within a supply chain to capture, share, integrate, and create intelligence from key information, or making that information ready for monitoring, controlling, changing or decision making purposes.GS1 define SCV as “the awareness of, and control over, specific information related to product orders and physical shipments, including transport and logistics activities, and the statuses and events and milestones that occur prior to and in-transit”. Therefore, being able to efficiently measure and know the status of this influential aspect-SCV-in a given pharmaceutical supply chain has a significant value for benchmarking or improvement purposes.

• Halse, Lise Lillebrygfjeld; Jæger, Bjørn & Dugnas, Karolis (2017). Operationalizing industry 4.0 : empirical insights into a cluster of Norwegian manufacturers. Full text in Research Archive
• Jæger, Bjørn; Stenhaug, Marie Pilar Jocson & Thota, Sowmya (2016). Object identification for smart logistic operations using IoT technologies in manufacturing companies. Full text in Research Archive
• Jæger, Bjørn; Halse, Lise Lillebrygfjeld; Wiik, Heidi & Bø, Agnethe Hylseng (2016). IoT Technological Maturity Model and Assessment of Norwegian Manufacturing Companies. Full text in Research Archive
• Rudra, Amit; Jæger, Bjørn; Aitken, Ashley; Chang, Vanessa & Helgheim, Berit Irene (2011). Virtual team role play using Second Life for teaching business process concepts. Full text in Research Archive
• Jæger, Bjørn & Rudra, Amit (2011). Meeting new challenges in higher education : two educational acticities and an interdisciplinary competence framework. Full text in Research Archive
• Jæger, Bjørn; Rudra, Amit; Aitken, Ashley; Chang, Vanessa & Helgheim, Berit Irene (2011). Teaching business process management in cross-country collaborative teams using ERP. Full text in Research Archive
• Jæger, Bjørn; Rudra, Amit; Aitken, Ashley; Chang, Vanessa & Helgheim, Berit Irene (2010). Teaching business process concepts using enterprise systems in a globalized context. Full text in Research Archive
• Rudra, Amit; Jæger, Bjørn; Aitken, Ashley & Chang, Vanessa (2009). Teaching ERP using an international inter-group collaborative learning environment. In ., Ukjent (Eds.), Proceedings of the 20th Australasian Conference on Information Systems. Monash University, Information Technology. ISSN 9780646525709. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  The goal of this research is to develop and evaluate a curriculum that teaches ERP concepts and skills using hands-on practical tasks in a globalised context. The curriculum employs Kolb's experiential learning cycle to facilitate student learning about the issues associated with internationalisation and globalisation of business operations and the use of ERP systems. A small pilot study was undertaken to test the assignment and logistical arrangements with some students undertaking an international inter-group collaboration. Students in Australia and Norway play alternating customer and vendor roles in business transactions recorded on a SAP ERP system. A pre- and post-survey (based on a previous instrument by Seethamraju) evaluated students' perceived knowledge gain across five different areas. The Norwegian students showed only a minor gain in perceived knowledge whilst the Australian students showed significant gains. Students involved in the inter-group (international) role play showed better understanding of the transactional aspects of business operations that those who did not.

• Rudra, Amit; Jæger, Bjørn; Aitken, Ashley & Chang, Vanessa (2009). Teaching ERP using an international inter-group collaborative learning environment. Full text in Research Archive
• Jæger, Bjørn (2009). What educational activities fit virtual worlds : towards a theoretical evaluation framework. Full text in Research Archive
• Jæger, Bjørn (2008). Læring i Second Life : tipp-topp eller flipp-flopp? Full text in Research Archive
• Jæger, Bjørn (2007). Ris og ROS : Risiko Og Sårbarhetsanalyser [ppt]. Full text in Research Archive
• Jæger, Bjørn & Creelman, Alastair (2007). Læringsmiljø i Second Life : læring med pedagogisk merverdi eller flopp med stor wow-faktor? Full text in Research Archive
• Jæger, Bjørn (2006). Integrert kunnskapsutvikling mellom næringsliv og høgskole innen anvendt informatikk [PDF-presentasjon]. Full text in Research Archive
• Jæger, Bjørn & Danielsen, Ketil (2006). Effects of rerouting after service disruption in MPLS based networks, Proceedings of the 6th WSEAS International Conference on Applied Informatics and Communications [CD ROM]. WSEAS Working Group on Computer Science ; WSEAS Working Group on Commu. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  This paper considers the effects of dynamic restoration routing after a failure in MPLS based networks. MPLS technology enables scalable VPNs and end-to-end QoS over the Internet which requires efficient fault recovery in presence of link or node failures. A major factor on network performance after a failure is the transient congestion that results from restored connections trying to retransmit packets lost since the failure. We focus on the importance of appropriate selection of a rerouting algorithm to control the transient congestion, and we present results from a simulation-based performance study of several routing algorithms. The results show that proper selection of fault recovery routing algorithm can improve MPLS-network performance after a failure.

• Jæger, Bjørn & Danielsen, Ketil (2006). Effects of rerouting after service disruption in MPLS based networks. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  This paper considers the effects of dynamic restoration routing after a failure in MPLS based networks. MPLS technology enables scalable VPNs and end-to-end QoS over the Internet which requires efficient fault recovery in presence of link or node failures. A major factor on network performance after a failure is the transient congestion that results from restored connections trying to retransmit packets lost since the failure. We focus on the importance of appropriate selection of a rerouting algorithm to control the transient congestion, and we present results from a simulation-based performance study of several routing algorithms. The results show that proper selection of fault recovery routing algorithm can improve MPLS-network performance after a failure.

• Jæger, Bjørn & Danielsen, Ketil (2004). Effect of rerouting after service disruption in MPLS based networks. Full text in Research Archive
• Jæger, Bjørn (2004). Dynamic routing after service disruption. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  This talk considers dynamic fault recovery routing in connection oriented packet switched networks using source node routing. The performance of communication networks immediately after a failure is dominated by a non-stationary traffic load that, in the worst case, can lead to network congestion with severe throughput degradation if not controlled. This talk focus on selecting an appropriate routing algorithm during dynamic fault recovery to control the network performance. A general optimization based formulation of the fault recovery problem is presented and used to model a variety of routing algorithms and fault scenarios. It is discussed how a distributed implementation relates to optimal routing and some results from a simulation based studyare presented. Results show that routing algorithms optimal under steady state conditions are not optimal during failure conditions, and that a dedicated fault recovery routing scheme can improve network performance after failures. The results also show the importance of using representative metrics for measuring the network performance during fault recovery. Finally, some relating issues and some ideas for future work are presented.

• Molka-Danielsen, Judith Ann; Ohren, Ottar & Jæger, Bjørn (2004). Broadband infrastructure and rural regional development in the county of Møre & Romsdal, Norway. Full text in Research Archive
• Ohren, Ottar; Molka-Danielsen, Judith Ann & Jæger, Bjørn (2003). Broadband Infrastructure and Rural Regional Development. Full text in Research Archive
• Molka-Danielsen, Judith Ann; Ohren, Ottar & Jæger, Bjørn (2003). Broadband Infrastructure in the County of Møre and Romsdal and Rural Regional Development. Full text in Research Archive
• Jæger, Bjørn (2002). Bredbåndundersøkelsen 2002 - status i kommunene i Møre og Romsdal : leverandørvalg, kostnader og erfaringer. Full text in Research Archive
• Jæger, Bjørn (2002). Vurder alternativet! p. 2–2. Full text in Research Archive
• Anny, Sumaiya Zannat; Jæger, Bjørn & Varma, Nikhil (2025). The impact of block chain on trust in supply chain management. Høgskolen i Molde - Vitenskapelig høgskole i logistikk. Full text in Research Archive
• Aravazhi, Agaraoli & Jæger, Bjørn (2017). Predictive Offshore Crane Maintenance Manager (PCM). Høgskolen i Molde - Vitenskapelig høgskole i logistikk. ISSN 9788279622284. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  This paper reports on the project “From time-based to condition-based maintenance – offshore cranes.” (In Norwegian: Fra tids- til belastningsstyrt vedlikehold – offshore kraner) conducted by Molde Engineering AS from January 13th until May 8th 2017. The project was supported by VRI, the Norwegian Research Council's support mechanism for research and innovation in Norway's regions. We describe the background for the project, the goals, and the results. Keywords: offshore crane, predictive maintenance, relational database, user interface tool

• Jæger, Bjørn; Rudra, Amit; Aitken, Ashley; Chang, Vanessa & Helgheim, Berit Irene (2014). ERP usage in global supply chains : educational resources. Høgskolen i Molde - Vitenskapelig høgskole i logistikk. ISSN 9788279621706. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  This paper provides detailed exercises for operating ERP-systems in a sample global supply chain. It is a supplement to the paper ERP Usage in Global Supply Chains: The Global Supply Chain Educational Activity by Jæger, B., Rudra, A., Aitken, A., Chang V., and Helgheim, B.. Businesses increasingly operate in a global competitive environment use Enterprise Resource Planning (ERP) systems to support their operations. ERP-systems are cross-functional solutions primarily developed to support and automate internal operations of an organization. Businesses being part global supply chains use their ERP-systems to support their export and import operations. Competition among supply chains leads to a focus on efficient crossenterprise operations. Businesses need an end-to-end view of their supply chains to optimize their behavior. The exercises in this paper demonstrate in detail how to execute export and import operations in the SAP ERP ECC 6.0 system in a sample global supply chain.

• Pet'o, Miroslav; Jæger, Bjørn & Helgheim, Berit Irene (2014). Information and communication aspects of logistics operations and their significance for managerial decision making. Høgskolen i Molde - Vitenskapelig høgskole i logistikk. ISSN 9788279621683. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  This paper outlines the problematic of information and communication aspects of logistics operations and their significance for managerial decision making from the systems model point of view. The systems model view supports understanding in a holistic and interdisciplinary way when doing research of complex organizational systems such as supply chains. We analyze the stages in decision making in an organization that is a part of a supply chain using the systems thinking framework's five phases A-B-C-D-E. Our analysis clarifies what factors are influencing decisions in complex supply chains. The second part of the paper looks at decision making from the Data-Information-Knowledge-Wisdom Model point of view outlining the relationship between hard and soft inputs to the decision-making process. Our analysis contributes to a better understanding of the significance of information in managerial decision making in supply chain operations. The third and last part of the paper is a case study the design to research the decision making process in four manufacturing companies in Norway in the light of the A-B-C-D-E and Data-Information-Knowledge-Wisdom systems models.

• Helgheim, Berit Irene; Jæger, Bjørn & Saeed, Naima (2011). Technological intermediaries as third party service providers in GlobalSupply Chains. Høgskolen i Molde - Vitenskapelig høgskole i logistikk. ISSN 9788279621270. Full text in Research Archive
• Ludvigsen, Kristine & Jæger, Bjørn (2011). Roller og rolleforventninger ved bruk av avatarer i en fjernundervisningskontekst. Høgskolen i Molde - Vitenskapelig høgskole i logistikk. ISSN 9788279621348. Full text in Research Archive
• Jæger, Bjørn; Rudra, Amit; Aitken, Ashley; Chang, Vanessa & Helgheim, Berit Irene (2009). International collaborative ERP education : development of SAP exercises and an evaluation tool. Høgskolen i Molde - Vitenskapelig høgskole i logistikk. ISSN 9788279621157. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  Organizations increasingly operate in a global competitive environment using Enterprise Systems (ES) to support their operations. ES are complex systems and students struggle to grasp not only the underlying business concepts but also the technology involved. This working paper describes a set of exercises developed for a multinational cross-company collaboration assignment using a commercial ERP system from SAP. In addition we describe an evaluation tool used to assess the usage of the exercises in this courses.

• Jæger, Bjørn & Helgheim, Berit Irene (2008). Results from a role play exercise in Second Life for LOG505 and BØK700. Høgskolen i Molde. ISSN 9788279621065. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  This paper gives the detailed results of a pilot study investigating the use of the 3-dimensional virtual world Second Life for role play exercises in the courses LOG505 Purchase Management and BØK700 Enterprise Resource Planning (ERP) with SAP. Molde University College teaches LOG505 in three different cities; Molde, Ålesund and Kristiansund using videoconferencing equipment, while BØK700 is thought on campus in Molde. Purchasing decisions are made based on both explicit and tacit knowledge. The purpose of the role play exercise is to give students an introduction to the purchasing decision process including the importance of teams, explicit and tacit knowledge and to teach the students basic characteristics of ERP-systems. The role play includes a high degree of simultaneous personal interaction called for in purchasing negotiations. This is not well supported by current videoconferencing tools. Running the role play on-campus in a classroom has drawbacks as well. Given the promising results reported from using virtual worlds like Second Life for role plays we decided to use Second Life to run the role play both for BØK700 and LOG505. The role play is embedded into the courses by going through a pilot study and a full scale study. This paper reports findings and lessons learned from the pilot study and it gives recommendations for the full scale study.

• Jæger, Bjørn (2003). Network security textbook development, collaborative writing and faculty performance measurement. Høgskolen i Molde. ISSN 9788279620389. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  This paper presents a textbook development process for a course in network security in a standard computer science bachelor program. The lack of suitable textbook for the course was coincident with three other needs. One, a change in teaching methods was needed in order to adapt to students with a broad range of skills made necessary by the evolution of universities going from elite- to mass institutions. Second, continuous evaluation of students in a course is required by a new reform of higher education in Norway, and third it is an increased need to document faculty performance. In this paper we present a textbook development process that participate in fulfilling the three needs by using collaborative writing as a tool, and we present some preliminary results from the development of a new course book in network security during the spring semester 2003.

• Jæger, Bjørn (2002). IKT og e-forvaltning - hvordan kan IKT bidra i etablering og utvikling av flatere organisasjoner? Høgskolen i Molde. ISSN 9788279620242. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  Dette dokumentet foreslår tiltak for kommunene for at de skal etablere grunnleggende infrastruktur på (sic) for e-samhandling uten å foreta store nye investeringer. Dokumentet beskriver to hovedelement i å bygge en robust, sikker og effektiv infrastruktur; Public Key Infrastructure (PKI) for å bygge robust og sikker infrastruktur, og bredbåndsnett for å danne en effektiv infrastruktur. Gitt at det ikke kommer nasjonale bevilgninger for å bygge en ny infrastruktur, og at den økonomiske situasjonen forde fleste kommuner er slik at store investeringer er vanskelig å gjennomføre, må en se på alternative metoder for infrastrukturutbygging slik at en sikrer at kommunene får ta del i den generelle velstandsutviklingen. Det gis tre anbefalinger om hvordanPKI og bredbåndsnett kan implementeres uten store investeringer.

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