Oskar Solenes

• Haugen, Kjetil K. & Solenes, Oskar (2020). 90 years of Italian penalties : trends, importance, VAR, and adjusting the 12-yard mark. European Journal of Sport Studies (EJSS).  ISSN 2282-5673. . doi: 10.12863/ejssax8x1-2020x1 Show summary

  This article discusses an alternative to Video Assisted Refereeing (VAR) in football. An alternative option of positively adjusting the distance from the penalty spot to the goal, leading to a decrease in penalty scoring probabilities is suggested. 90 years of empirics from Serie A in Italy is used to discuss the suggested method. The article concludes by an example illustrating the proposed method. Keywords: serie A, penalty kicks, VAR, football, 12-yard mark

• Anagnostopoulos, Christos; van Eekeren, Frank & Solenes, Oskar (2019). Sport policy systems and good governance : Insights from Europe, In David Shilbury & Lesley Ferkins (ed.),  Routledge Handbook of Sport Governance.  Routledge.  ISBN 9781138341234.  Chapter 4.  s 53 - 64 Show summary

  This chapter reviews the role of sport policy systems in shaping sport governance practice in Europe. Sport is a fundamental pillar of European civil society. European governments have acknowledged the benefits that sport provides in terms of social cohesion, health and national pride, and also the economic benefits related, for example, to jobs and tax revenue. The Cyprus Sport Organisation Sports Academy promotes education and training for people involved in the administrative and governing bodies of sport organisations, particularly the administrative personnel and volunteer board members of the sport federations. The Netherlands is a founding member of the European Union and has roughly 17 million people. The country’s sports system is a social configuration, which suggests that the development of sports policy is a collaborative process involving the government and civil society through the voluntary sports movement. The provisions in Cyprus’s Code are largely similar to comparable policy-oriented documents in places like Flanders and the United Kingdom.

• Heck, Sandra; Fitzgerald, Hayley; Solenes, Oskar; Magnanini, Angela & Black, Ken (2019). Cultural factors currently affecting inclusive practice – Europe, In Sandra Heck & Martin E. Block (ed.),  Inclusive physical education around the world : origins, cultures, practices.  Routledge.  ISBN 9780429026294.  Chapter 11.  s 173 - 185
• Heck, Sandra; Solenes, Oskar; Magnanini, Angela & Campbell, Natalie (2019). History of inclusive physical education in Western and Northern Europe, In Sandra Heck & Martin E. Block (ed.),  Inclusive physical education around the world : origins, cultures, practices.  Routledge.  ISBN 9780429026294.  Chapter 3.  s 46 - 67 Show summary

  Throwing a glance on the status quo in schools of different countries in Western and Northern Europe shows that the requirement of inclusive physical education (PE) is implemented differently: Italy, for instance, leads the way with an almost complete inclusion of children into mainstream education including physical education (Magnanini & Espinosa Trull, 2015), England has already implemented inclusive teaching since the late 1980s (Armstrong & Barton, 2008), in Norway children have the right to follow mainstream education and one talks about “adjusted” education for pupils with special needs (Dalen 2006; Hyde, Ohna & Hjulstad, 2006), and Germany is only slowly breaking up with its traditional system of segregating pupils with special needs (Hausotter & Pluhar, 2004). But what are those differences based on? How did inclusive physical education (PE) historically grow in England, Germany, Italy and Norway, and can transnational developments be identified? In all four chosen countries different school systems which are representative for other Northern and Western European countries exist. The aim of this study is to compare them, analyse their historical development and find out whether and in how far those differences in the school system and curricula development prejudged chances for inclusive PE and thereby led to diverse present situations. As a result, it is confirmed that the educational policy towards inclusion in schools which was internationally determined to apply in different United Nation member states finally met on the national level in Northern and Western Europe different conditions and social attitudes. This again led to the implementation of specific national inclusive and/or exclusive structures of PE in schools, which finally, despite the geographical proximity, deviate quite strongly from each other, not only in terms of current content and policy but also in terms of historical development.

• Jurigová, Zuzana; Tučková, Zuzana & Solenes, Oskar (2017). The impact of chosen economic indicators on tourism sustainability : case study of the Czech Republic and Norway. Journal of Security and Sustainability Issues.  ISSN 2029-7017.  7(1), s 113- 121 . doi: 10.9770/jssi.2016.7.1(9) Show summary

  In recent years, tourism businesses have had to face rapid changes brought about by modernisation, internationalisation, social changes, and the higher demands of tourists. These features have an impact on the current level of tourism services and determine the overall economic environment on the supply and demand side. To keep up with global and national competition and these new emerging processes, it is important for managers to discover and monitor how key global figures can have an impact on the future development of tourism units in the hopes to achieve further sustainability growth. Managers should adapt to the changing environment by using new methods and strategies that make tourism units sustainable for future generations. One of the main indicators measuring economic sustainability is gross domestic product, as it captures the market value of the measured services or goods in general. For this reason, it is worthwhile to determine what the interconnections with regard to gross domestic product and tourism variable are. Through this relationship, it is possible to evaluate the health of a certain economy of tourism that can serve as a viewpoint for the management of tourism businesses in a certain state. This research looks at the relationship between the chosen indicators from the tourism sectors of the Czech Republic and Norway. Its purpose is to identify the relationship between the chosen general economic indicators measuring tourism economic prosperity, such as overall gross domestic product for international travel expenditures within a 7-year period. The main aim of the research is to determine the relationship between the chosen indicators through comparison and trend analysis. The data will be examined in order to determine the relationship between the chosen variables, as well as the strength of the dependence of both variables. Based on these findings, further research may use gross domestic product as one of the crucial indicators for the measurement of economic sustainability with respect to its added value for tourism businesses and management. Keywords: sustainability, economy, expenditures, gross domestic product, Czech Republic, Norway, tourism

• Dolles, Harald; Gammelsæter, Hallgeir; Solenes, Oskar & Straume, Solveig (2016). The Janus-faced relationship value of professional sports clubs : a study of Molde Football Club, Norway. Scandinavian Sport Studies Forum.  ISSN 2000-088X.  7, s 47- 61 Show summary

  Professional sport clubs can be analyzed according to the extent their offers affect the community and the individual. The “use value” takes into account the individual benefits of watching a sporting competition, whereas the “non-use” reflects the externalities of a sports club and its sports events towards people not particular interested in the sport in question. Both values are commonly investigated within the local context, however in an explorative study of the Norwegian football club Molde FK, a sample of 29 young people that had taken up residence in a different part of the country from where they grew up was analyzed in order to find out what “relationship” value a sports club from their home town still has in their lives. Despite the fact that the sample turned out to contain very few passionate football fans, it also revealed that Molde FK still is present in the lives of non-football fans. We conclude that the football club functions as a frequent reminder of the hometown for people that have migrated, and thus, the non-use value might extend beyond the individual’s (lack of) interest for football. Further, the football club and its activities serve at the same time as a foundation for conversations that might support migrators to extend and to build up social capital at their new location. Keywords: sports clubs, football, impact studies, use value, non-use value, existence value, option value, bequest value, sport events, fans

• Solenes, Oskar (2016). Tidleg organisering og institusjonalisering av ungdomsidretten i Norges Idrettsforbund, 1946-1966, I: Ørnulf Nicolay Seippel; Mari Kristin Sisjord & Åse Strandbu (red.),  Ungdom og idrett.  Cappelen Damm Akademisk.  ISBN 978-82-02-44967-4.  Kapittel 2.  s 33 - 51
• Gammelsæter, Hallgeir & Solenes, Oskar (2013). Money in – brains out? Institutional logics affecting athletes’ preparation for alternative careers. European Journal for Sport and Society (EJSS).  ISSN 1613-8171.  10(3), s 267- 289 . doi: 10.1080/16138171.2013.11687922 Show summary

  Competitive sport encourages athletes to put all their effort into excelling in their sport despite the fact that sport careers are short and can be abruptly terminated. This study addresses the issue of dual career preparation among team sport athletes in a sample comprising Norwegian full-professional male soccer players and semi-professional soccer and handball players. Professional athletes hardly spend more time on their sport than do semi-professional top players, but while the latter group of athletes combine sports careers and higher education (or work), professional players tend to spend their leisure time more with family and friends. A competing institutional logics approach is utilised to analyse the data and reflect on social influences on athletes’ choice of career preparation. Keywords: Higher education; dual careers; institutional logics; soccer; handball.

• Solenes, Oskar (2010). Barnekroppen og idretten : ein historisk analyse av barneidrett i Noreg 1937-1976, I:  Aktive liv. Idrettspedagogiske perspektiver på kropp, bevegelse og dannelse.  Tapir Akademisk Forlag.  ISBN 978-82-519-2620-1.  kapittel.  s 51 - 69
• Støckel, Jan Toftegaard; Strandbu, Åse; Solenes, Oskar; Jørgensen, Per & Fransson, Kristin (2010). Sport for children and youth in the Scandinavian countries. Sport in Society.  ISSN 1743-0437.  13(4), s 625- 642 . doi: 10.1080/17430431003616332 Show summary

  In the course of less than 100 years, children's sport in the Scandinavian countries has been going through a remarkable transition. By the turn of the twentieth century, voluntary sport participation was primarily an adult domain, and children's opportunities for participation were generally limited to a small selection of sports and primarily through the public school system. Today, children's sport is an important public health and welfare issue in all of the Scandinavian countries, and children are far more sport active than adults, and the majority of children's sports participation takes place in voluntary sport clubs or in commercial sport settings. The comparative analyses show that the states of Denmark, Norway and Sweden have willingly and frequently sought to regulate school sport. By contrast, traditions regarding the voluntary sport organizations have been much more diverse and ranged from heavy interference in Norway to almost no interference in Denmark.

• Solenes, Oskar (2009). Kvifor eg ikkje lengre hoppar på ski, I: Iver Brynild Neumann & Kari Steen-Johnsen (red.),  Meningen med idretten.  Unipub forlag.  ISBN 978-82-7477-448-3.  -.  s 223 - 241
• Solenes, Oskar (2007). Friluftsliv og klassekamp - to sider av same sak?. Arbeiderhistorie.  ISSN 0801-7778.  s 6- 31
• Solenes, Oskar & Strandbu, Åse (2007). Beckham gikk ikke mye langrenn : kontroverser om ungdom og idrett, før og nå, I:  Ung i Norge : skole, fritid og ungdomskultur.  Cappelen Damm Akademisk.  s 159 - 176

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• Hauge, Olav; Hrabal, Martin; Jurigová, Zuzana; Jelínková, Darina; Mikeska, Martin; Papadaki, Sárka; Slinták, Karel; Trcka, Lukás; Solenes, Oskar & Tucková, Zuzana (2016). The social economy, social enterprises and outline of sustainability. Wolters Kluwer.  ISBN 978-80-7552-459-1.  152 s.
• Bjarnar, Ove; Solenes, Oskar & Bjarnar, Siri Jørgensen (2012). Institusjonsbygger og kunnskapsspreder : Bolsøy helselag 1912 - 2012. Bolsøy helselag.  ISBN 978-82-7955-118-8.  176 s.

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• Haugen, Kjetil K.; Solenes, Oskar & Hauge, Olav (2020). Fra toppen av Haugen : 3-3 er bedre enn 3-2. Panorama : nettavis for Høgskolen i Molde.
• Hedenborg, Susanna; Rosén, Annika; Palmquist, Gabriella Thorell; Solenes, Oskar & Werner, Guro Fiskergård (2020). Bland knattar och minisar : ridskolornas verksamhet för de allra yngsta. idrottsforum.org/artiklar.
• Solenes, Oskar (2020). The sporting child – a historical study of the social construction of children’s’ bodies through sport. Show summary

  There seems to be an inherent tension in children’s sport. On the one hand, there is a wish to do what is considered to be “in the best interest” of the child (i.e. better health, personal development, etc.). On the other hand, the “sporting logic”, with competition and ranking based on performance, define other arguments for children’s sport activities. Through history arguments for why children should, or should not, do sport have varied, and the knowledge, from which one has determined what might be “in the best interest of the child”, has shifted. These shifts are connected to the social construction of children, their bodies, childhood and childrens sport participation. Medical knowledge about the body has played an important part in defining it, its strengths and possibilities, as well as its limitations. During the 20th century the understanding of which age is too young for a child to do sport has changed, and in general one can talk about a childification process in sport where the sporting child has become younger (Lindroth 1991; Goksøyr 2008; Solenes 2009; Carlsson & Fransson 2006:2). Commercialization of sport has posed new challenges as children have become commodities as various actors (with commercial interests in sport) start to identify, select and develop sport talents at a younger age. The aim of this presentation is to analyze shifts and tensions. Historical sources, such as archive material, scientific publications and textbooks, as well as newspapers and interviews are used.

• Solenes, Oskar & Hedenborg, Susanna (2019). TOO YOUNG FOR SPORT: AN ANALYSIS OF ORGANIZED SPORT ACTIVITIES FOR YOUNG CHILDREN IN NORWAY AND SWEDEN. Show summary

  Introduction The aim of this presentation is to map out and analyse sport activities for pre-school children in Sweden and Norway. Over time, sport has followed a general pattern of childification – in which sports associations and agents in the commercial sports sector increasingly offer activities for (younger) children (Lindroth 1991; Goksøyr 2008; Solenes 2009; Carlsson & Fransson 2006:2). In this presentation equestrian sports will be given special attention, although a general mapping out of activities for pre-school children in other federations will be presented and analysed too. Theory and method Perspectives derived from the sociology of childhood will be used (Hedenborg 2006; James & James 2004, 2012; Prout 2005; Qvortrup 2009), arguing that childhood are socially constructed, as well as historically and socially contingent. The dominant construction of childhood in modern educational theory is that of the competent child (Samuelsson & Carlsson 2003). The paper discusses this as a possible explanation to why sport activities are offered to pre-school children. In this study, we conduct a mapping out of activities for pre-school children in the 51 Norwegian, and 71 Swedish specialized sport federations, using registered activities/memberships, information from the federation’s official webpages and structured telephone interviews with representatives from the federations with the highest number of pre-school children. Results Gymnastics, Football and Swimming are among the biggest federations in relation to pre-school children in both Sweden and Norway. In Sweden equestrian sports is the 7th biggest. In Norway, equestrian sport is registered as the 14th biggest federation in relation to number of pre-school children. This number is, however, possibly higher as many private riding schools (not members of the Equestrian Federation) offer and organize activities for this group. A study of the federations indicate that special activities organized for the pre-school children, prepare them for latter sporting activities. It seems plausible to conclude that pre-school children are seen as competent enough to take part of these activities. Programs designed for pre-school children in some of the specialized sports federations are constructed around the idea of learning even complex skills through playing. In equestrian sports, another pattern is seen too, as the children have to respect the well-being and welfare of the horses.

• Solenes, Oskar & Thorell, Gabriella (2019). For ung til lå ri? En presentasjon av påbegynt prosjekt "Too young to ride?".
• Vebestad, Ole Martin; Solenes, Oskar & Tingvoll, Hugo (2019, 28. oktober). Lager møteplass på nett for sportsindustrien.  Romsdals Budstikke.
• Egilsson, Birnir; Gammelsæter, Hallgeir & Solenes, Oskar (2018). Mediene og idrettens styresett. Dagens næringsliv.  ISSN 0803-9372.
• Haugen, Kjetil K.; Heen, Knut Peder; Guvåg, Bjørn; Oterhals, Geir; Holmgren, Johan; Hauge, Olav; Olsen, Kai; Arntzen, Halvard; Solenes, Oskar; Einevoll, Gaute & Eide, Jan Ragnvald (2017). Fra toppen av Haugen : 100/11. Panorama : nettavis for Høgskolen i Molde.
• Haugen, Kjetil K. & Solenes, Oskar (2016). Fra toppen av Haugen : uavgjort var mer enn bra nok, tap derimot….. Panorama : nettavis for Høgskolen i Molde.
• Haugen, Kjetil K. & Solenes, Oskar (2015). Fra toppen av Haugen : forsterkninger. Panorama : nettavis for Høgskolen i Molde.
• Solenes, Oskar; Dolles, Harald; Gammelsæter, Hallgeir; Kåfjord, Sondre; Rekdal, Eddie; Straume, Solveig & Egilsson, Birnir (2014). Toppfotballens betydning for vertsregionen : en studie av Molde Fotballklubbs betydning for Molderegionen. Arbeidsnotat (Høgskolen i Molde). 2014:1. Show summary

  Molde Fotballklubbs korrigerte driftsresultat har i femårsperioden 2008-2012 vært på 67 millioner. Av klubbens inntekter kommer halvparten fra Molderegionen og halvparten fra kilder utenfor regionen. - Et korrigert regionregnskap viser at MFK har bidratt til en netto kapitaltilførsel til Molderegionen på 165 millioner kroner i perioden. - MFKs virksomhet har i perioden direkte bidratt med skatteinntekter på 23 millioner kroner til Molde kommune, 5 millioner kroner til fylkeskommunen og 105 millioner til sentrale myndigheter. - Direkte og indirekte skaper MFK mellom 110-120 arbeidsplasser i Molderegionen. - MFK er svært dominerende når det gjelder å profilere Molde i riks- og regionmediene. Opp til 75 prosent av all «namedropping» av Moldenavnet i disse mediene er knyttet til MFK. På grunn av MFK får Molde en medieomtale som langt overgår det byer med tilsvarende befolkningstall oppnår. Av samme grunn får Molde også mer omtale enn større byer som Haugesund og Ålesund. Dette kan ses på som en merverdi av de 81 millioner kroner lokale sponsorkroner brukte på MFK i perioden 2008-12. - De frivillige i MFK utførte i 2012 en arbeidsinnsats målt til mer enn 59 000 arbeidstimer til en verdi av 14,1 millioner kroner. - Både utflyttede romsdalinger og MFKs tilhengere trekker fram MFK som en av Moldes viktigste merkevarer. Også romsdalinger som ikke er spesielt interessert i fotball og MFK opplever stolthet når MFK gjør det godt, og MFKs prestasjoner og sponsorer blir lagt godt merke til også blant romsdalinger som ikke har fotball som sin primære interesse. - Blant klubbens tilhengere er det tilsynelatende høy betalingsvilje for å berge klubben.

• Solenes, Oskar & Gammelsæter, Hallgeir (2012). Understanding volunteers at local recurring sport events.
• Solenes, Oskar (2011, 14. februar). Eksklusivt mastertilbud : fra høsten kommer Høgskolen i Molde med et mastertilbud i Team Sport Management.  Avisa Romsdal.
• Herskedal, Kjell Marius & Solenes, Oskar (2009). Idretten, barna og foreldra. Romsdals Budstikke..  ISSN 0806-5160.  s 31
• Solenes, Oskar (2009). Framtidas håp : barneidrettsdiskursar i Noreg 1920-1976.
• Solenes, Oskar (2008). Den evige eld sløkt i Paris. Romsdals Budstikke..  ISSN 0806-5160.  s 48
• Solenes, Oskar (2008). Kva vil vi med barneidretten?. Romsdals Budstikke..  ISSN 0806-5160.  s 21
• Solenes, Oskar; Gammelsæter, Hallgeir & Herskedal, Kjell Marius (2008). Penger inn, vettet ut? - om idrett, utdanning og kommersialisering. Arbeidsnotat (Høgskolen i Molde). 2008:8.
• Solenes, Oskar; Gammelsæter, Hallgeir & Herskedal, Kjell Marius (2008). Professionalization of sports and athlete post-career preparation.
• Solenes, Oskar (2007). The sporting child : a historical study of the social construction of children's bodies in sport.
• Solenes, Oskar; Terret, Thierry & Gori, Gigliola (2003). Physical Age - a revolutionary idea?.
• Solenes, Oskar (2002). Kald krig eller varmt vennskap på isen?: Sovjetisk og norsk skøytekøping i 1950- og 1960 åra. Show summary

  Artikkelen omtalar korleis sovjetiske skøyteløparar vart motteke i Noreg i 1946, etter 2.verdskrig og etter ein lang isolasjon av sovjetiske idrettsfolk. Vidare blir det skildra korleis synet på "russerane" gradvis endra seg i mellom anna norske media. Frå å bli motteke som heltar i 1946 er det ein litt anna tone prega av mistenksemnd berre nokre år seinare. Dette må sjåast i samanheng med den generelle politiske situasjonen i Noreg og Verden i desse åra etter 2.verdskrig.

• Solenes, Oskar (2002). Kropp, natur og arbeidarklasse: Ei historisk gransking av friluftsliv innan arbeidarrørsla i Oslo, 1900 - 1940. Show summary

  Foredraget fristar presentere korleis forestillinga om eit genuint arbeidarfriluftsliv, forstått som ein motsats til eit borgarleg friluftsliv, ikkje utan vidare held. Det blir vist korleis at "arbeidarfriluftslivet" i seg sjølv er mangslunget og femnar alt frå jeger og fiskeorganisasjonar til speidergrupper. I dette feltet finst det mange ulike diskursar og saman er desse med å etablere to sentrale forestillingar om arbeidarfriluftslivet: den sterke, sunne og solbrune kroppen og den offentlege naturen

• Solenes, Oskar (2002). The Social Construction of Children's Bodies: Practice and Discourse in a Norwegian Context'.
• Solenes, Oskar & Goksøyr, Matti (2001). Nature and the Norwegian working class.

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