Oskar Solenes

• Schaillée, Hebe; Derom, Inge; Solenes, Oskar; Straume, Solveig; Burgess, Beth & Jones, Vanessa [Show all 7 contributors for this article] (2021). Gender inequality in sport : perceptions and experiences of generation Z. Sport, Education and Society. ISSN 1357-3322. 26(9), p. 1011–1025. doi: 10.1080/13573322.2021.1932454. Show summary

  Research on Generation Z’s (Gen Z) sport education is limited in scope. This study explores Gen Z’s perceptions of gender equity in sport, with a focus on topic areas that warrant attention in sport management higher education courses to increase awareness around gender inequality. This study of Gen Z students across four European countries, including Belgium, Norway, Netherlands and England, was conducted through eight focus groups. The 54 participants, all born after 1995, were enrolled in an (under)graduate sport programme. Through a thematic analysis, we identified four distinct, yet inter-related themes, and explored their link to the interacting processes from Acker’s work (1990. Hierarchies, jobs, bodies: A theory of gendered organizations. Gender and Society, 4(2), 139–158). Results indicate that intercultural differences exist. Participants demonstrate an awareness of gender inequality in the media and in school sport, while also illustrating how disparities are shaped in school and sport contexts. These findings are encouraging for developing further social transformation, as awareness is the first hurdle to overcome when working towards social change. Awareness around gender inequality could further be increased in higher education by focusing on knowledge gaps found in this study such as the underrepresentation of women in coaching positions or officiating roles, the lower status job roles congruent to traditional gender norms and the use of quota schemes. The results of this study are relevant for sport and physical education scholars to address and continue challenging traditional gender stereotypes and beliefs as well as foster career and leadership aspirations for the next generation of prospective employees. KEYWORDS: Gen Z, gender equality, sport, higher education

• Haugen, Kjetil K. & Solenes, Oskar (2020). 90 years of Italian penalties : trends, importance, VAR, and adjusting the 12-yard mark. European Journal of Sport Studies (EJSS). ISSN 2282-5673. doi: 10.12863/ejssax8x1-2020x1. Show summary

  This article discusses an alternative to Video Assisted Refereeing (VAR) in football. An alternative option of positively adjusting the distance from the penalty spot to the goal, leading to a decrease in penalty scoring probabilities is suggested. 90 years of empirics from Serie A in Italy is used to discuss the suggested method. The article concludes by an example illustrating the proposed method. Keywords: serie A, penalty kicks, VAR, football, 12-yard mark

• Anagnostopoulos, Christos; van Eekeren, Frank & Solenes, Oskar (2019). Sport policy systems and good governance : Insights from Europe. In Shilbury, David & Ferkins, Lesley (Ed.), Routledge Handbook of Sport Governance. Routledge. ISSN 9781138341234. p. 53–64. doi: 10.4324/9780429440250-4.
• Heck, Sandra; Fitzgerald, Hayley; Solenes, Oskar; Magnanini, Angela & Black, Ken (2019). Cultural factors currently affecting inclusive practice – Europe. In Heck, Sandra & Block, Martin E. (Ed.), Inclusive physical education around the world : origins, cultures, practices. Routledge. ISSN 9780429026294. p. 173–185. Show summary

  Inclusive Physical Education Around the World is the first book to survey inclusive physical education worldwide, to examine the history of inclusive physical education across different regions, and to compare their policy, practice and educational cultures. Featuring the work of leading researchers from Africa, Asia, Australia, Europe, the Middle East, North America and South America, the book provides a unique interdisciplinary contribution to the fields of physical education, history and pedagogy. It provides readers with information on the origins and historical development of inclusion in schools and teaches them about different ways that inclusive physical education has grown and is implemented in different countries. Thisis essential reading for anybody with an interest in physical education, disability sport, adapted physical activity, special educational needs (SEN) teaching or social justice in education. It is a vital resource for postgraduates, researchers and academics who are interested in studies on inclusion and heterogeneity, as well as sport and cultural historians, physical education teachers and students.

• Heck, Sandra; Solenes, Oskar; Magnanini, Angela & Campbell, Natalie (2019). History of inclusive physical education in Western and Northern Europe. In Heck, Sandra & Block, Martin E. (Ed.), Inclusive physical education around the world : origins, cultures, practices. Routledge. ISSN 9780429026294. p. 46–67. doi: 10.4324/9780429026294-4. Show summary

  Inclusive Physical Education Around the World is the first book to survey inclusive physical education worldwide, to examine the history of inclusive physical education across different regions, and to compare their policy, practice and educational cultures. Featuring the work of leading researchers from Africa, Asia, Australia, Europe, the Middle East, North America and South America, the book provides a unique interdisciplinary contribution to the fields of physical education, history and pedagogy. It provides readers with information on the origins and historical development of inclusion in schools and teaches them about different ways that inclusive physical education has grown and is implemented in different countries. Thisis essential reading for anybody with an interest in physical education, disability sport, adapted physical activity, special educational needs (SEN) teaching or social justice in education. It is a vital resource for postgraduates, researchers and academics who are interested in studies on inclusion and heterogeneity, as well as sport and cultural historians, physical education teachers and students.

• Jurigová, Zuzana; Tučková, Zuzana & Solenes, Oskar (2017). The impact of chosen economic indicators on tourism sustainability : case study of the Czech Republic and Norway. Journal of Security and Sustainability Issues. ISSN 2029-7017. 7(1), p. 113–121. doi: 10.9770/jssi.2016.7.1%289%29. Show summary

  In recent years, tourism businesses have had to face rapid changes brought about by modernisation, internationalisation, social changes, and the higher demands of tourists. These features have an impact on the current level of tourism services and determine the overall economic environment on the supply and demand side. To keep up with global and national competition and these new emerging processes, it is important for managers to discover and monitor how key global figures can have an impact on the future development of tourism units in the hopes to achieve further sustainability growth. Managers should adapt to the changing environment by using new methods and strategies that make tourism units sustainable for future generations. One of the main indicators measuring economic sustainability is gross domestic product, as it captures the market value of the measured services or goods in general. For this reason, it is worthwhile to determine what the interconnections with regard to gross domestic product and tourism variable are. Through this relationship, it is possible to evaluate the health of a certain economy of tourism that can serve as a viewpoint for the management of tourism businesses in a certain state. This research looks at the relationship between the chosen indicators from the tourism sectors of the Czech Republic and Norway. Its purpose is to identify the relationship between the chosen general economic indicators measuring tourism economic prosperity, such as overall gross domestic product for international travel expenditures within a 7-year period. The main aim of the research is to determine the relationship between the chosen indicators through comparison and trend analysis. The data will be examined in order to determine the relationship between the chosen variables, as well as the strength of the dependence of both variables. Based on these findings, further research may use gross domestic product as one of the crucial indicators for the measurement of economic sustainability with respect to its added value for tourism businesses and management. Keywords: sustainability, economy, expenditures, gross domestic product, Czech Republic, Norway, tourism

• Dolles, Harald; Gammelsæter, Hallgeir; Solenes, Oskar & Straume, Solveig (2016). The Janus-faced relationship value of professional sports clubs : a study of Molde Football Club, Norway. Scandinavian Sport Studies Forum. ISSN 2000-088X. 7, p. 47–61. Show summary

  Professional sport clubs can be analyzed according to the extent their offers affect the community and the individual. The “use value” takes into account the individual benefits of watching a sporting competition, whereas the “non-use” reflects the externalities of a sports club and its sports events towards people not particular interested in the sport in question. Both values are commonly investigated within the local context, however in an explorative study of the Norwegian football club Molde FK, a sample of 29 young people that had taken up residence in a different part of the country from where they grew up was analyzed in order to find out what “relationship” value a sports club from their home town still has in their lives. Despite the fact that the sample turned out to contain very few passionate football fans, it also revealed that Molde FK still is present in the lives of non-football fans. We conclude that the football club functions as a frequent reminder of the hometown for people that have migrated, and thus, the non-use value might extend beyond the individual’s (lack of) interest for football. Further, the football club and its activities serve at the same time as a foundation for conversations that might support migrators to extend and to build up social capital at their new location. Keywords: sports clubs, football, impact studies, use value, non-use value, existence value, option value, bequest value, sport events, fans

• Solenes, Oskar (2016). Tidleg organisering og institusjonalisering av ungdomsidretten i Norges Idrettsforbund, 1946-1966. In Seippel, Ørnulf Nicolay; Sisjord, Mari Kristin & Strandbu, Åse (Ed.), Ungdom og idrett. Cappelen Damm Akademisk. ISSN 978-82-02-44967-4. p. 33–51.
• Gammelsæter, Hallgeir & Solenes, Oskar (2013). Money in – brains out? Institutional logics affecting athletes’ preparation for alternative careers. European Journal for Sport and Society (EJSS). ISSN 1613-8171. 10(3), p. 267–289. doi: 10.1080/16138171.2013.11687922. Show summary

  Competitive sport encourages athletes to put all their effort into excelling in their sport despite the fact that sport careers are short and can be abruptly terminated. This study addresses the issue of dual career preparation among team sport athletes in a sample comprising Norwegian full-professional male soccer players and semi-professional soccer and handball players. Professional athletes hardly spend more time on their sport than do semi-professional top players, but while the latter group of athletes combine sports careers and higher education (or work), professional players tend to spend their leisure time more with family and friends. A competing institutional logics approach is utilised to analyse the data and reflect on social influences on athletes’ choice of career preparation. Keywords: Higher education; dual careers; institutional logics; soccer; handball.

• Støckel, Jan Toftegaard; Strandbu, Åse; Solenes, Oskar; Jørgensen, Per & Fransson, Kristin (2010). Sport for children and youth in the Scandinavian countries. Sport in Society: Cultures, Commerce, Media, Politics. ISSN 1743-0437. 13(4), p. 625–642. doi: 10.1080/17430431003616332. Show summary

  In the course of less than 100 years, children's sport in the Scandinavian countries has been going through a remarkable transition. By the turn of the twentieth century, voluntary sport participation was primarily an adult domain, and children's opportunities for participation were generally limited to a small selection of sports and primarily through the public school system. Today, children's sport is an important public health and welfare issue in all of the Scandinavian countries, and children are far more sport active than adults, and the majority of children's sports participation takes place in voluntary sport clubs or in commercial sport settings. The comparative analyses show that the states of Denmark, Norway and Sweden have willingly and frequently sought to regulate school sport. By contrast, traditions regarding the voluntary sport organizations have been much more diverse and ranged from heavy interference in Norway to almost no interference in Denmark.

• Solenes, Oskar (2010). Barnekroppen og idretten : ein historisk analyse av barneidrett i Noreg 1937-1976, Aktive liv. Idrettspedagogiske perspektiver på kropp, bevegelse og dannelse. Tapir Akademisk Forlag. ISSN 978-82-519-2620-1. p. 51–69.
• Solenes, Oskar (2009). Kvifor eg ikkje lengre hoppar på ski. In Neumann, Iver Brynild & Steen-Johnsen, Kari (Ed.), Meningen med idretten. Unipub forlag. ISSN 978-82-7477-448-3. p. 223–241.
• Solenes, Oskar (2007). Friluftsliv og klassekamp - to sider av same sak? Arbeiderhistorie. ISSN 0801-7778. p. 6–31.
• Solenes, Oskar & Strandbu, Åse (2007). Beckham gikk ikke mye langrenn : kontroverser om ungdom og idrett, før og nå, Ung i Norge : skole, fritid og ungdomskultur. Cappelen Damm Akademisk. p. 159–176.

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• Hauge, Olav; Hrabal, Martin; Jurigová, Zuzana; Jelínková, Darina; Mikeska, Martin & Papadaki, Sárka [Show all 10 contributors for this article] (2016). The social economy, social enterprises and outline of sustainability. Wolters Kluwer. ISBN 978-80-7552-459-1. 152 p.
• Bjarnar, Ove; Solenes, Oskar & Bjarnar, Siri Jørgensen (2012). Institusjonsbygger og kunnskapsspreder : Bolsøy helselag 1912 - 2012. Bolsøy helselag. ISBN 978-82-7955-118-8. 176 p.

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• Werner, Guro Fiskergård & Solenes, Oskar (2021). Preschoolers, ponies and professionals : organizing equine-assisted therapy for preschool children in Norway. Show summary

  In Norway, children with disabilities can attend Equine-Assisted Physiotherapy and the treatment holds a refund policy in the Norwegian national insurance scheme if provided by a licensed physiotherapist (Norwegian Physiotherapist Association). This paper is based on 10 interviews of physiotherapists and 6 interviews of leaders of equine centers across Norway. The aim is investigating their experiences concerning the contextual conditions they work within. The ICF model explains disability as a phenomenon related to both individual and contextual factors (WHO, 2002). Previous research shows that context, including service provides role and competence is not emphasized in EAT research (Sterba, 2007; Wilkie, Germain and Theule, 2016; Wood and Fields, 2019). Preliminary findings suggest equine knowledge and “know how” is considered important, related to both safety and professionalism. Therapists must be confident working with large groups for the services to be sustainable. Groups solely for preschoolers may not be possible, thus groups can be mixed age. Side walkers are required, but the economy give little room for paid employment for others than the physiotherapist. Collaboration with other professions is welcomed, but the refund policy is reserved physiotherapists. There is no uniform description of suitable horses regarding age or breed. Smaller horse breeds and ponies are preferred due to the side walkers work position, ability to aid the child, and the child’s safety. Horses are chosen due to their temper, gait, size and width, and a variety of horses are ideal to match the different children’s needs and challenges.

• Solenes, Oskar (2020). The sporting child – a historical study of the social construction of children’s’ bodies through sport. Show summary

  There seems to be an inherent tension in children’s sport. On the one hand, there is a wish to do what is considered to be “in the best interest” of the child (i.e. better health, personal development, etc.). On the other hand, the “sporting logic”, with competition and ranking based on performance, define other arguments for children’s sport activities. Through history arguments for why children should, or should not, do sport have varied, and the knowledge, from which one has determined what might be “in the best interest of the child”, has shifted. These shifts are connected to the social construction of children, their bodies, childhood and childrens sport participation. Medical knowledge about the body has played an important part in defining it, its strengths and possibilities, as well as its limitations. During the 20th century the understanding of which age is too young for a child to do sport has changed, and in general one can talk about a childification process in sport where the sporting child has become younger (Lindroth 1991; Goksøyr 2008; Solenes 2009; Carlsson & Fransson 2006:2). Commercialization of sport has posed new challenges as children have become commodities as various actors (with commercial interests in sport) start to identify, select and develop sport talents at a younger age. The aim of this presentation is to analyze shifts and tensions. Historical sources, such as archive material, scientific publications and textbooks, as well as newspapers and interviews are used.

• Hedenborg, Susanna; Rosén, Annika; Palmquist, Gabriella Thorell; Solenes, Oskar & Werner, Guro Fiskergård (2020). Among tiny tots and minis : riding school activities for the youngest. idrottsforum.org/artiklar.
• Haugen, Kjetil K.; Solenes, Oskar & Hauge, Olav (2020). Fra toppen av Haugen : 3-3 er bedre enn 3-2. Panorama : nettavis for Høgskolen i Molde.
• Vebestad, Ole Martin; Solenes, Oskar & Tingvoll, Hugo (2019). Lager møteplass på nett for sportsindustrien. [Newspaper]. Romsdals Budstikke.
• Solenes, Oskar & Thorell, Gabriella (2019). For ung til lå ri? En presentasjon av påbegynt prosjekt "Too young to ride?".
• Solenes, Oskar & Hedenborg, Susanna (2019). TOO YOUNG FOR SPORT: AN ANALYSIS OF ORGANIZED SPORT ACTIVITIES FOR YOUNG CHILDREN IN NORWAY AND SWEDEN.
• Egilsson, Birnir; Gammelsæter, Hallgeir & Solenes, Oskar (2018). Mediene og idrettens styresett. Dagens næringsliv. ISSN 0803-9372.
• Haugen, Kjetil K.; Heen, Knut Peder; Guvåg, Bjørn; Oterhals, Geir; Holmgren, Johan & Hauge, Olav [Show all 11 contributors for this article] (2017). Fra toppen av Haugen : 100/11. Panorama : nettavis for Høgskolen i Molde.
• Haugen, Kjetil K. & Solenes, Oskar (2016). Fra toppen av Haugen : uavgjort var mer enn bra nok, tap derimot…. Panorama : nettavis for Høgskolen i Molde.
• Haugen, Kjetil K. & Solenes, Oskar (2015). Fra toppen av Haugen : forsterkninger. Panorama : nettavis for Høgskolen i Molde.
• Solenes, Oskar & Gammelsæter, Hallgeir (2012). Understanding volunteers at local recurring sport events.
• Solenes, Oskar (2011). Eksklusivt mastertilbud : fra høsten kommer Høgskolen i Molde med et mastertilbud i Team Sport Management. [Newspaper]. Avisa Romsdal.
• Herskedal, Kjell Marius & Solenes, Oskar (2009). Idretten, barna og foreldra. Romsdals Budstikke.. ISSN 0806-5160.
• Solenes, Oskar; Gammelsæter, Hallgeir & Herskedal, Kjell Marius (2008). Professionalization of sports and athlete post-career preparation.
• Solenes, Oskar (2008). Kva vil vi med barneidretten? Romsdals Budstikke.. ISSN 0806-5160.
• Solenes, Oskar (2008). Den evige eld sløkt i Paris. Romsdals Budstikke.. ISSN 0806-5160.
• Solenes, Oskar (2007). The sporting child : a historical study of the social construction of children's bodies in sport.
• Solenes, Oskar; Terret, Thierry & Gori, Gigliola (2003). Physical Age - a revolutionary idea?
• Solenes, Oskar (2002). The Social Construction of Children's Bodies: Practice and Discourse in a Norwegian Context'.
• Solenes, Oskar (2002). Kropp, natur og arbeidarklasse: Ei historisk gransking av friluftsliv innan arbeidarrørsla i Oslo, 1900 - 1940. Show summary

  Foredraget fristar presentere korleis forestillinga om eit genuint arbeidarfriluftsliv, forstått som ein motsats til eit borgarleg friluftsliv, ikkje utan vidare held. Det blir vist korleis at "arbeidarfriluftslivet" i seg sjølv er mangslunget og femnar alt frå jeger og fiskeorganisasjonar til speidergrupper. I dette feltet finst det mange ulike diskursar og saman er desse med å etablere to sentrale forestillingar om arbeidarfriluftslivet: den sterke, sunne og solbrune kroppen og den offentlege naturen

• Solenes, Oskar (2002). Kald krig eller varmt vennskap på isen?: Sovjetisk og norsk skøytekøping i 1950- og 1960 åra. Show summary

  Artikkelen omtalar korleis sovjetiske skøyteløparar vart motteke i Noreg i 1946, etter 2.verdskrig og etter ein lang isolasjon av sovjetiske idrettsfolk. Vidare blir det skildra korleis synet på "russerane" gradvis endra seg i mellom anna norske media. Frå å bli motteke som heltar i 1946 er det ein litt anna tone prega av mistenksemnd berre nokre år seinare. Dette må sjåast i samanheng med den generelle politiske situasjonen i Noreg og Verden i desse åra etter 2.verdskrig.

• Solenes, Oskar & Goksøyr, Matti (2001). Nature and the Norwegian working class.
• Solenes, Oskar; Dolles, Harald; Gammelsæter, Hallgeir; Kåfjord, Sondre; Rekdal, Eddie & Straume, Solveig [Show all 7 contributors for this article] (2014). Toppfotballens betydning for vertsregionen : en studie av Molde Fotballklubbs betydning for Molderegionen. Høgskolen i Molde - Vitenskapelig høgskole i logistikk. ISSN 978-82-7962-181-2. Show summary

  Molde Fotballklubbs korrigerte driftsresultat har i femårsperioden 2008-2012 vært på 67 millioner. Av klubbens inntekter kommer halvparten fra Molderegionen og halvparten fra kilder utenfor regionen. - Et korrigert regionregnskap viser at MFK har bidratt til en netto kapitaltilførsel til Molderegionen på 165 millioner kroner i perioden. - MFKs virksomhet har i perioden direkte bidratt med skatteinntekter på 23 millioner kroner til Molde kommune, 5 millioner kroner til fylkeskommunen og 105 millioner til sentrale myndigheter. - Direkte og indirekte skaper MFK mellom 110-120 arbeidsplasser i Molderegionen. - MFK er svært dominerende når det gjelder å profilere Molde i riks- og regionmediene. Opp til 75 prosent av all «namedropping» av Moldenavnet i disse mediene er knyttet til MFK. På grunn av MFK får Molde en medieomtale som langt overgår det byer med tilsvarende befolkningstall oppnår. Av samme grunn får Molde også mer omtale enn større byer som Haugesund og Ålesund. Dette kan ses på som en merverdi av de 81 millioner kroner lokale sponsorkroner brukte på MFK i perioden 2008-12. - De frivillige i MFK utførte i 2012 en arbeidsinnsats målt til mer enn 59 000 arbeidstimer til en verdi av 14,1 millioner kroner. - Både utflyttede romsdalinger og MFKs tilhengere trekker fram MFK som en av Moldes viktigste merkevarer. Også romsdalinger som ikke er spesielt interessert i fotball og MFK opplever stolthet når MFK gjør det godt, og MFKs prestasjoner og sponsorer blir lagt godt merke til også blant romsdalinger som ikke har fotball som sin primære interesse. - Blant klubbens tilhengere er det tilsynelatende høy betalingsvilje for å berge klubben.

• Solenes, Oskar (2009). Framtidas håp : barneidrettsdiskursar i Noreg 1920-1976. Norges idrettshøgskole. ISSN 9788250204225.
• Solenes, Oskar; Gammelsæter, Hallgeir & Herskedal, Kjell Marius (2008). Penger inn, vettet ut? - om idrett, utdanning og kommersialisering. Høgskolen i Molde. ISSN 978-82-7962-099-0.

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