Terje Andersen

• Andersen, Terje & Jæger, Bjørn (2021). Circularity for electric and electronic equipment (EEE), the Edge and Distributed Ledger (Edge&DL) model. Sustainability. ISSN 2071-1050. 13(17), s. 1–23. doi: 10.3390/su13179924. Vis sammendrag

  In the transition to a circular focus on electric and electronic products, manufacturers play a key role as the originators of both the products and the information about the products. While the waste electric and electronic equipment (WEEE) directive’s contemporary focus is on handling the product as waste after its end of life, the circular economy focuses on retaining the product’s value with a restorative system. The polluter-pays principle requires producers of pollution to bear the costs of handling the pollution, leading to the extended producer responsibility (EPR) principle. This requires manufacturers to change their focus from their current passive role of out-sourcing end-oflife treatment to taking explicit responsibility for product management over an extended period of time. This paper investigates how a manufacturer can assume its responsibility to achieve circularity for its products. Based on our findings, three fundamental circularity principles, the circular electric and electronic equipment (CEEE) principles, for manufactures of electronic and electrical equipment are defined: (1) Serialize product identifiers, (2) data controlled by their authoritative source at the edge, and (3) independent actors’ access to edge data via a distributer ledger are the foundation of the Edge and Distributed Ledger (Edge&DL) model. We demonstrate the model through a case study of how to achieve circularity for lighting equipment. The CEEE principles and the demonstrated model contribute to building new circularity systems for electronic and electric products that let manufacturers undertake their extended product responsibility. Keywords: circularity, circular supply chains, distributed ledger, edge computing, e-waste, WEEE, case study

• Andersen, Terje (2021). A comparative study of national variations of the European WEEE directive : manufacturer’s view. Environmental science and pollution research international. ISSN 0944-1344. 29, s. 19920–19939. doi: 10.1007/s11356-021-13206-z. Vis sammendrag

  We are facing the challenge of rapid growth in waste from electrical products (e-waste). In Europe, handling e-waste is regulated by the European Waste Electrical and Electronic Equipment (WEEE) directive, which is based on the extended producer responsibility (EPR) model as a regulatory tool forcing manufacturers and importers to take responsibility for their products throughout their lifecycles. However, the directive allows for great variations in implementations in each country, causing e-manufacturers and e-waste handling operators to face challenges in their transition to more sustainable operations. To identify the challenges involved, this study investigates the effect of the WEEE directive from a manufacturer’s perspective. A case study of an e-manufacturer operating subsidiaries in several European countries and the associated producer responsibility organizations (PROs) is presented. The case study includes interviews from 17 stakeholders in 12 organizations in eight European countries. Key findings are as follows. First, the WEEE data reported are not harmonized. Second, the calculations of the environmental fee differ across countries. Third, following up on different national WEEE obligations sometimes leads to over-reporting to avoid negative effects on environmental corporate social responsibility, brand reputation, and profitability. Fourth, outsourcing end-of-life (EoL) treatment responsibility to PROs is seen as positive by the manufacturer but results in a decoupling of the EPR and the operational EoL treatment, which may reduce efforts to transfer to a higher circularity level of its EEE products. Fifth, WEEE is considered a way for e-manufacturers to handle waste not to adopt a circular focus. This paper contributes to both practitioners and researchers within reverse logistics and sustainability by adding knowledge from real-life context of how EPR is implemented in WEEE.

• Andersen, Terje; Jæger, Bjørn & Mishra, Alok (2020). Circularity in waste electrical and electronic equipment (WEEE) directive. Comparison of a manufacturer's Danish and Norwegian operations. Sustainability. ISSN 2071-1050. 12(13), s. 1–15. doi: 10.3390/su12135236. Vis sammendrag

  Waste electrical and electronic equipment (WEEE) as a reverse supply chain (RSC) has a low degree of circularity, mainly focusing on recovering or recycling. Targets to increase the circularity have recently been introduced in the EU WEEE directive. In this case study, we have investigated how WEEE is handled within an electric and electronic (EE) equipment manufacturer. The case study includes findings from two different Nordic countries, Norway and Denmark, with interviews of six stakeholders. The case study shows that there are significant differences in how the case company fulfills its extended producer responsibility (EPR), especially related to reporting. The study also found that there is a mismatch between the ambitions in the WEEE directive and a company’s approach related to circularity in the end-of-life phase of an EE product. Based on the results of this case study and from the literature we propose recommendations on alignment with other directives and on a common information regime within the WEEE RSC. Keywords: waste electrical and electronic equipment (WEEE); product information flow; reverse supply chain; manufacturer; circularity.

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• Andersen, Terje (2021). From WEEE to CEEE : information flow in a reverse supply chain seen from a manufacturers view.
• Smiseth, Dordi & Andersen, Terje (2020). Digitalisering og sirkulær økonomi : to sider av samme sak?
• Andersen, Terje (2020). Product information flow in reverse supply chains : a case study of the WEEE category lighting equipment.
• Sakita, Benjamin Mosses; Klymenko, Olena; Andersen, Terje & Taknæs, Tommy Buckholm (2020). The role of blockchain in green supplier selection process : an insight from the Norwegian shipbuilding industry. Molde University College - Specialized University in Logistics. ISSN 978-82-7962-298-7.

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