Saeid Pira

• Pira, Saeid & Hansson, Lisa (2026). Revisiting the 15-min city through accessibility assessment: A critical systematic review of FMC-based studies. Cities: The International Journal of Urban Policy and Planning. ISSN 0264-2751. 179. doi: 10.1016/j.cities.2026.107516. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv Vis sammendrag

  Proximity-centered planning has recently attracted increasing attention. The 15-min city (FMC) and related X-minute frameworks are promoted as strategies for advancing sustainable and equitable urban development. However, limited attention has been paid to how major critiques of the FMC are reflected in empirical studies that apply the framework to accessibility assessment. Rather than evaluating accessibility outcomes, this review examines how accessibility is operationalized and assessed in FMC-based research. To address this gap, this study conducts a systematic and critical review of 149 publications and develops a structured analytical framework across five domains: operationalization and methodological design, social equity and inclusion, implementation and feasibility, governance and participation, and service quality and scale. By organizing the literature around key challenges, the review identifies persistent blind spots in FMC-based accessibility research. The findings indicate that most studies rely on a 15-min threshold, employ quantitative methods, and prioritize residential and leisure amenities, while employment and education remain underexamined. Accessibility is predominantly measured through potential and objective approaches, with limited attention to realized and subjective dimensions. Socio-demographic diversity, multimodal transport integration, stakeholder participation, and service quality are also insufficiently addressed. These findings demonstrate that current applications capture only part of the multidimensional nature of accessibility embedded in the FMC framework. By assessing how recurring critiques are reflected in accessibility assessment practices, this review provides insights for developing more inclusive and context-sensitive accessibility frameworks. Future research should prioritize context-sensitive thresholds, adaptable service classifications, multimodal integration, and participatory approaches to strengthen FMC-based accessibility assessments across diverse contexts.

• Pira, Saeid & Hansson, Lisa (2025). Analyzing equity in transport planning using the 15-minute city approach : a case study of Oslo city, Norway. Transportation Research Part A: Policy and Practice. ISSN 0965-8564. 200(October). doi: 10.1016/j.tra.2025.104633. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv Vis sammendrag

  As urbanization accelerates, achieving sustainable and equitable accessibility has become a central objective in transport planning. This research investigates transportation equity through the lens of the 15-minute city concept, emphasizing proximity-based accessibility to social functions as a criterion. Despite the growing adoption of this concept, empirical analyses integrating both active mobility and public transport accessibility remain limited. Furthermore, previous studies have neglected the correlation between socioeconomic characteristics and neighborhood accessibility, an essential factor in understanding transport equity. This study uses Oslo as a case study to address these gaps by analyzing transport-related equity. A GIS-based spatial analysis was conducted to evaluate accessibility to social functions via active mobility, supplemented by an assessment of public transport station accessibility across Oslo’s neighborhoods. Additionally, regression analysis was employed to examine the correlation between socioeconomic characteristics and accessibility patterns. The findings indicate significant spatial inequities, with central neighborhoods tending to have higher accessibility levels than peripheral areas. Furthermore, the results suggest that socioeconomic disparities, including population density, gender ratio, and age distribution, are correlated with accessibility levels, highlighting the relevance of more inclusive urban mobility strategies. By integrating GIS-based accessibility assessment and regression analysis, this study advances methodological approaches to transport equity research. Unlike previous studies focusing on active mobility, this research incorporates active and public transport accessibility, enabling a comprehensive equity evaluation through vertical and distributional dimensions. The insights generated provide valuable guidance for urban planners and policymakers seeking to mitigate transport inequities and foster more sustainable and inclusive urban mobility systems.

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