Edoardo Marcucci

• Le Pira, Michela; Gemma, Andrea; Gatta, Valerio; Carrese, Stefano & Marcucci, Edoardo (2021). Walking and sustainable tourism: “Streetsadvisor.” : a stated preference GIS-based methodology for estimating tourist walking satisfaction in Rome, In Luca Zamparini (ed.),  Sustainable transport and tourism destinations.  Emerald Group Publishing Limited.  ISBN 9781839091285.  Chapter 4.  s 45 - 58 Show summary

  This chapter proposes a methodology to develop a tool aimed at helping tourists moving sustainably in Rome, focusing on the “last mile” of their transport experience, that is, walking trips. The methodology consists of the development of a stated preference survey, where tourists’ preferences are elicited with respect to alternative configurations of walking paths. This is performed by taking into consideration path accessibility, interference with other modes of transport, and thermal comfort aspects. Besides, georeferenced data are collected and systematized with the overall aim to create a geographical information system of the first municipality of Rome with useful information to evaluate the status of the walking network. The results of the analysis help to understand the relevant factors affecting tourists’ walking behavior. Additionally, the chapter provides the preliminary considerations needed for the definition of a “tourist walking satisfaction indicator” related to their walking experience with two aims: first, it provides useful information for policy-makers on how to design and manage walking networks; second, it provides a framework for a tourist traveler information system (a “StreetsAdvisor”) that can guide them in the city on the base of their heterogeneous preferences.

• Ciccarelli, Carlo; Magazzino, Cosimo & Marcucci, Edoardo (2020). Early development of Italian railways and industrial growth : a regional analysis. Research in Transportation Economics.  ISSN 0739-8859. . doi: 10.1016/j.retrec.2020.100916 Show summary

  The paper provides an empirical assessment of the relation between the early diffusion of railways and industrial growth in Italy's regions. On the one hand, history represents one of the main factors conditioning transport systems, and the analysis of the early evolution of railways might thus provide a better understanding of present infrastructures. On the other hand, Italy is characterized by considerable territorial heterogeneity, calling naturally for a regional disaggregated analysis. The analysis is based on a unique historical dataset with annual 1861–1913 data on regional railway endowment and manufacturing value added at 1911 prices. The empirical strategy is based on the Mean Group type estimators borrowed from the panel time series literature. Our results suggest that, when evaluated at the national level, the contribution of early railway developments on industrial growth was relatively modest, albeit increasing over time. The effect was instead sizeable, both in terms of direct and spillover effects, for northern regions.

• Evangelinos, Christos; Staub, Nelly; Marcucci, Edoardo & Gatta, Valerio (2020). The impact of airport parking fees on the tourist's airport/airline choice behavior. Journal of Air Transport Management.  ISSN 0969-6997.  90(January), s 1- 9 . doi: 10.1016/j.jairtraman.2020.101961 Show summary

  This paper analyzes the airport/airline choice behavior of tourists for Saxony/Germany. We employ flexible parametric choice methods (mixed logit) in order to test the effect of standard attributes on the choice probability. In addition we extend existing literature with the introduction of parking charges in the choice experiment. Our results show a significant and negative impact of parking charges on airport choice probability. Thus, we can compute high elasticities of parking charges for tourists. These results suggest, that airport managers have in form of parking policies a powerful policy instrument as they can directly affect the size of the airport catchment area. Keywords: airport/airline Choices, airport parking fees, discrete choice model, mixed logit model

• Gatta, Valerio; Marcucci, Edoardo; Le Pira, Michela; Inturri, Giuseppe; Ignaccolo, Matteo & Pluchino, Alessandro (2020). E-groceries and urban freight : investigating purchasing habits, peer influence and behaviour change via a discrete choice/agent-based modelling approach. Transportation Research Procedia.  ISSN 2352-1465.  46, s 133- 140 . doi: 10.1016/j.trpro.2020.03.173 Show summary

  This paper presents a modelling framework to investigate the potential acceptability of digitalized services connected to groceries, i.e. e-grocery, via a discrete choice agent-based approach. A preliminary investigation of consumers’ preferences for buying groceries on-line has been performed via a stated preference survey. Besides, a new agent-based model is presented with the aim to test different e-grocery scenarios and the potential spreading of this solution, characterizing agents with the results of the survey. This will allow evaluating stakeholders’ acceptability and making a first assessment of the potential of e-grocery to improve the efficiency of urban freight transport. Keywords: e-grocery, stated preferences, agent-based model, behavioural analysis

• Le Pira, Michela; Marcucci, Edoardo; Gatta, Valerio; Pluchino, Alessandro; Fazio, M.; Inturri, Giuseppe & Ignaccolo, Matteo (2020). Simulating urban freight flows in e-grocery scenarios accounting for consumer heterogeneous preferences, In . . (ed.),  IEEE Forum on Integrated and Sustainable Transportation System (FISTS), November 3-5, 2020, Delft - The Netherlands.  IEEE.  ISBN 9781728195032.  Chapter.  s 286 - 291 Show summary

  E-grocery is a growing phenomenon that has the potential to rapidly change the way shopping is performed and goods distributed in cities. The impacts of this innovation can vary according to the delivery service performed, thus affecting positively or negatively the overall sustainability of urban freight transport. Understanding the dynamics of demand (i.e. consumers) will be useful to know how supply (i.e. supermarkets) should adapt, and how policy-makers should deal with this phenomenon. This paper presents an agent-based model to simulate different e-grocery scenarios at a neighbourhood scale. Agents are characterized with individual utility functions from a latent class model based on a stated preference survey performed in Rome (Italy). First results of a one-month simulation allow deriving some useful conclusion on the impact different grocery channels can have on travelled distance and consumer shopping time and formulating some policy implications.

• Marcucci, Edoardo; Gatta, Valerio; Le Pira, Michela; Chao, Ting & Li, Shengnan (2020). Bricks or clicks? : consumer channel choice and its transport and environmental implications for the grocery market in Norway. Cities: The International Journal of Urban Policy and Planning.  ISSN 0264-2751.  110(March), s 1- 12 . doi: 10.1016/j.cities.2020.103046 Show summary

  E-grocery is the fastest growing e-commerce segment, while still a niche market. Notwithstanding the channel choice when buying groceries might have relevant transport and environmental implications, little attention is paid to demand analysis. The paper fills this research gap, by using stated preferences to estimate market shares for e-grocery, distinguishing between home deliveries and click&pick, using the in-store option as a reference, and by considering a case study in Norway. It investigates the role of various purchase characteristics (i.e. product price, service cost, lead-time, time window, travel time and product range) when choosing which purchase channel to use. Results suggest that the most important characteristics for consumers are related to price, in particular product price, but there is also significant heterogeneity in preferences within the sample. Scenario simulations allow estimating transport and environmental impacts deriving from channel market share changes. This information can be useful for developing both managerial strategies to increase e-grocery market share and public policy interventions to minimize negative externalities. Keywords: : e-groceries, channel choice, stated preference, city logistics, e-commerce

• Marcucci, Edoardo; Gatta, Valerio; Le Pira, Michela; Hansson, Lisa & Bråthen, Svein (2020). Digital twins : a critical discussion on their potential for supporting policy‐making and planning in urban logistics. Sustainability.  ISSN 2071-1050.  12(24), s 1- 15 . doi: 10.3390/su122410623 Show summary

  Poor logistics efficiency, due to low load factors caused by high demand fragmentation, will have relevant negative consequences for cities in terms of pollution, congestion and overall city liveability. Policy-makers should equip themselves with appropriate tools to perform reliable, comprehensive and timely analyses of urban logistics scenarios, also considering upcoming (i) technological changes, (ii) business model evolutions and (iii) spatial-temporal changes these innovations will produce. This paper discusses the Digital Twin (DT) concept, illustrating the role it might play and clarifying how to properly conceive it with respect to urban freight transport policy-making and planning. The main message is that without a sound theory and knowledge with respect to the relationships linking contextual reality and choice/behaviour, it is not possible to make sense of what happens in the real world. Therefore, the joint use of behavioural and simulation models should characterise a DT within a Living Lab approach so to stimulate effective, well-informed and participated planning processes, but also to forecast both behaviour and reactions to structural changes and policy measures implementations. Keywords: digital twins, urban freight, living lab, behavioural models, policy, planning

• Patella, Sergio Maria; Grazieschi, Gianluca; Gatta, Valerio; Marcucci, Edoardo & Carrese, Stefano (2020). The adoption of green vehicles in last mile logistics : a systematic review. Sustainability.  ISSN 2071-1050.  13(1), s 1- 24 . doi: 10.3390/su13010006 Show summary

  Widespread adoption of green vehicles in urban logistics may contribute to the alleviation of problems such as environmental pollution, global warming, and oil dependency. However, the current adoption of green vehicles in the last mile logistics is relatively low despite many actions taken by public authorities to overcome the negative externalities of distributing goods in cities. This paper presents a comprehensive literature review on studies investigating the adoption of green vehicles in urban freight transportation, paying specific attention to e-commerce. To shed light on the adoption of green vehicles in city logistics, the paper conducts a systematic review of the empirical literature on the topic. The 159 articles reviewed were classified into the following: (a) Optimization and scheduling (67 papers); (b) policy (55 papers); (c) sustainability (37 papers). Among the 159 articles, a further selection of 17 papers dealing with e-commerce, i.e., studies that highlight the most relevant aspects related to the integration of green vehicles in e-commerce urban logistics, was performed. Our findings indicate that green vehicles are competitive in urban deliveries characterized by frequent stop-and-go movements and low consolidation levels while incentives are still necessary for their adoption. The use of autonomous vehicles results the most promising and challenging solution for last-mile logistics. Keywords: last mile logistics, green logistics, urban freight, e-commerce, green vehicles, drones, autonomous vehicles

• Gatta, Valerio; Marcucci, Edoardo; Delle Site, Paolo; Le Pira, Michela & Carrocci, Céline Sacha (2019). Planning with stakeholders : analysing alternative off-hour delivery solutions via an interactive multi-criteria approach. Research in Transportation Economics.  ISSN 0739-8859.  73(March), s 53- 62 . doi: 10.1016/j.retrec.2018.12.004 Show summary

  Many cities of different size and in different areas of the world have successfully tested the introduction of offhour deliveries (OHD) on a voluntary basis, reporting positive effects, both on freight distribution efficiency and sustainability. However, those initiatives have not been implemented so far at a large scale. This paper investigates OHD potential in Rome, focusing on one of the most important barriers to its adoption, i.e. stakeholder acceptability. The study investigates stakeholders' preferences for different OHD configurations using both a qualitative approach, based on in-depth interviews, and a quantitative analysis, based on an interactive multiactor multi-criteria analysis. Results show that stakeholders prefer a solution where OHD are jointly implemented together with one or more urban consolidation centres. This preliminary analysis paves the way for further technical/economic evaluations needed for OHD implementation in Rome. Stakeholders’ involvement is of outmost importance to understand their heterogeneous preferences and increase their awareness of urban freight transport problems, with the overall aim to foster behaviour change. Keywords: urban freight transport, city logistics, off-peak deliveries, behaviour change, in-depth interviews, multicriteria decision-making

• Gatta, Valerio; Marcucci, Edoardo; Nigro, Marialisa & Serafini, Simone (2019). Sustainable urban freight transport adopting public transport-based crowdshipping for B2C deliveries. European Transport Research Review.  ISSN 1867-0717.  11, s 1- 14 . doi: 10.1186/s12544-019-0352-x Show summary

  Cities crave innovative logistics solutions dealing with the requirements of the ‘on demand economy’. The paper estimates the willingness to act as a crowdshipper (supply) and to buy a crowdshipping service (demand) to get goods delivered/picked-up in the last mile B2C e-commerce situation. Specifically, it innovates by considering an environmental-friendly crowdshipping based on the use of the mass transit network of the city where parcels customers/crowdshippers pick-up/drop-off goods in automated parcel lockers located either inside the transit stations or in the surroundings. This issue is very important since “standard” crowdshipping is usually not able to reduce congestion and polluting emissions due to the dedicated trips performed using private motorized vehicles. The paper rests on an extensive stated preference survey. The hypothetical scenarios used to acquire both demand (customers’) and supply (crowdshippers’) preferences make use of the most relevant attributes emerging from a preliminary investigation performed in the study context. The investigation is performed in the city of Rome and the metro is the transit system considered. The results are useful in understanding and quantifying the potential of this freight transport strategy for e-commerce in an urban context and in providing local policy makers with a good knowledge base for its future development.

• Site, Paolo Delle; Kilani, Karim; Gatta, Valerio; Marcucci, Edoardo & De Palma, André (2019). Estimation of consistent Logit and Probit models using best, worst and best–worst choices. Transportation Research Part B: Methodological.  ISSN 0191-2615.  128(October), s 87- 106 . doi: 10.1016/j.trb.2019.07.014 Show summary

  The paper considers random utility models that use a single common vector of random utilities for the computation of best, worst and best–worst choice probabilities, i.e. consis- tent models. Choice probabilities are derived for two distributions of the random terms: i.i.d. extreme value, i.e. Logit, and multivariate normal, i.e. Probit. We prove strict log- concavity of the likelihood, with respect to the coefficients of the systematic utilities, for best, worst and best–worst choice probabilities in Logit, and for best and worst choice probabilities in Probit, under a mild necessary and sufficient condition of absence of per- fect multicollinearity in the matrix of alternative and individual characteristics. This con- dition parallels that in ordinary least squares linear regression models. The hypothesis of equality of the utility coefficients of best choice models and of worst choice models is tested with data on mode choice, collected for the assessment of user responses to urban congestion charging policies. The numerical results show, in both Logit and Probit, statis- tically significant differences between utility coefficients of best and worst models. The estimations based on worst choice data exhibit coefficient attenuation and higher mean values of travel time savings with larger standard errors. Keywords: best–worst Choices, congestion charge, logit, probit, random utility model, strict log-concavity

• Evangelinos, Christos; Tscharaktschiew, Stefan; Marcucci, Edoardo & Gatta, Valerio (2018). Pricing workplace parking via cash-out : effects on modal choice and implications for transport policy. Transportation Research Part A: Policy and Practice.  ISSN 0965-8564.  113(July), s 369- 380 . doi: 10.1016/j.tra.2018.04.025 Show summary

  Employers often provide employees with either subsidized or free parking at work. This distorts relative prices of alternative commuting modes and produces inefficiencies in the transport market. To mitigate this price distortion, parking cash-out has been suggested as an effective and efficient policy to reduce single occupancy car commuting trips. By rewarding the abandonment of car parking use rather than penalizing continued parking, parking cash-out makes commuters sensitive to the opportunity cost of workplace parking while, at the same time, circumventing the opposition usually associated with the imposition of transport user fees. However, practical experiences are rare and only few studies investigate the effectiveness and efficiency of this policy option. This paper empirically tests the effects of parking cash-out on modal choice by performing a two-stage mode choice experiment among commuters in Germany. The first stage collects revealed commuting behavior data. The second stage proposes cash-out scenarios and observes stated mode choice behavior. The joint treatment of regular travel costs and cash outs allows comparing the traditional car travel demand cost elasticity and the parking cash-out elasticity. Results indicate that regardless of model specifications, parking cash-out has a negative and significant effect on the private car choice probability. This bears important implications for future transport policies.

• Gatta, Valerio; Marcucci, Edoardo; Nigro, Marialisa; Patella, Sergio Maria & Serafini, Simone (2018). Public transport-based crowdshipping for sustainable city logistics : assessing economic and environmental impacts. Sustainability.  ISSN 2071-1050.  11(1), s 1- 14 . doi: 10.3390/su11010145 Show summary

  This paper aims at understanding and evaluating the environmental and economic impacts of a crowdshipping platform in urban areas. The investigation refers to the city of Rome and considers an environmental-friendly crowdshipping based on the use of the mass transit network of the city, where customers/crowdshippers pick-up/drop-off goods in automated parcel lockers located either inside the transit stations or in their surroundings. Crowdshippers are passengers that would use the transit network anyhow for other activities (e.g., home-to-work), thus avoiding additional trips. The study requires firstly, estimating the willingness to buy a crowdshipping service like the one proposed here, in order to quantify the potential demand. The estimation is realized adopting an extensive stated preference survey and discrete choice modeling. Then, several scenarios with different features of the service are proposed and evaluated up to 2025 in terms of both externalities (local and global pollutant emissions, noise emissions and accidents reductions) and revenues. The results are useful to understand and quantify the potential of this strategy for last mile B2C deliveries. Moreover, it provides local policy-makers and freight companies with a good knowledge base for the future development of a platform for public transport-based crowdshipping and for estimating the likely impact the system could have both from an economic and environmental point of view. Keywords: crowdshipping; on demand; e-commerce; urban freight; discrete choice model; transport externalities; COPERT 1. Introduction

• Lozzi, Giacomo; Valerio, Gatta & Marcucci, Edoardo (2018). European urban freight transport policies and research funding : are priorities and Horizon 2020 calls aligned?. REGION.  ISSN 2409-5370.  5(1), s 53- 71 . doi: 10.18335/region.v5i1.168 Show summary

  The European Commission (EC) has recently developed a growing awareness and interest with respect to the challenges urban freight transport (UFT) poses. Consequently, the EC has started defining specific policies and promoted dedicated tools to address them. Transport is a shared responsibility between the EU and the Member States, where the subsidiarity principle applies. Accordingly, the EC provides European local authorities with support in the different areas, including research and innovation funding. This paper aims to assess the linkage and consistency between EC policy priorities for UFT and the corresponding calls of the new Horizon 2020 (H2020) Research Programme, created by the EC in order to foster research and innovation. The paper identifies and extrapolates in a comparable format 10 UFT priority solutions, and consequently estimates their degree of correspondence with the H2020 Work Programmes (WPs) on the basis of the weight in monetary terms resulting from the research funds allocated to each of them. Findings show that, generally, the EC addresses UFT through a systematic and coherent approach. Moreover, all the identified solutions are covered by at least one H2020 call, although the extent of the coverage is heterogeneous.

• Marcucci, Edoardo; Gatta, Valerio & Le Pira, Michela (2018). Gamification design to foster stakeholder engagement and behavior change : an application to urban freight transport. Transportation Research Part A: Policy and Practice.  ISSN 0965-8564.  118(December), s 119- 132 . doi: 10.1016/j.tra.2018.08.028 Show summary

  A recent trend to engage and promote sustainable behaviors in transport foresees gamification, i.e. the use of game design elements in nongame contexts. To foster the expected behavior change, one should appropriately conceive, deploy and manage gamification. The paper addresses the problem of gamification design by proposing an advanced user-centered approach accounting for players’ heterogeneous preferences. This is performed using stated preference methods and is applied to a reverse logistics case study. By comparing the results obtained with the proposed approach to those derived from the traditionally adopted ones, the paper shows that the former would provide considerable new insights with respect to players’ heterogeneous preferences, thus, possibly, increasing the chance of achieving satisfactory results. The paper suggests that, whenever designing gamification to foster engagement and behavior change in transport, one should adopt a user-centered approach based on stated choice experiments to maximize its probability of success.

• Marcucci, Edoardo; Site, Paolo Delle; Gatta, Valerio & Pompetti, Paolo (2018). Analisi ex-ante dell’accettabilità e stima dello shift modale di un sistema di road pricing : il caso di Roma. Scienze Regionali: Italian Journal of Regional Science.  ISSN 1720-3929.  17(3), s 477- 504 . doi: 10.14650/90990 Show summary

  Large cities like London, Stockholm and Milan have adopted traffic policies for their central areas based on charges applying to the inbound car traffic. The paper, after a comparative review of the most significant European experiences, offers an ex-ante assessment of the potential effectiveness, in terms of modal shift, and acceptability of the charging measures included in the new Piano Generale del Traffico Urbano (Urban Traffic Master Plan) of the city of Rome. The econometric analysis, based on logit models and stated preference data, quantifies the significant modal shift towards powered twowheelers brought about by charging measures limited to cars. The analysis also provides the desired shift towards public transport that may follow charging measures extended to both cars and powered two-wheelers. The improvement of the metro network is the measure able to improve car users’ acceptability. Keywords: road pricing, stated preference, ex-ante policy acceptability

• Polinori, Paolo; Marcucci, Edoardo; Gatta, Valerio; Bigerna, Simona; Bollino, Carlo Andrea & Micheli, Silvia (2018). Eco-labeling and sustainable urban freight transport : how much are people willing to pay for green logistics?. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF TRANSPORT ECONOMICS.  ISSN 0303-5247.  45(4), s 631- 658 . doi: 10.19272/201806704006 Show summary

  Freight transport is responsible for a relevant percentage of CO2 emissions. Policies aimed at stimulating green freight transport should mitigate the CO2 emissions that the transport sector produces. Fostering consumer’s green behavior is fundamental to reduce the impact transportation has on the environment. One can pursue this goal by stimulating consumer’s intention to purchase goods that are delivered in an eco-friendly fashion. This paper investigates consumer’s choices and estimates how much youngers are willing to pay for green urban freight distribution. A questionnaire-based web survey among a group of 350 Italian university students was conducted using a stated preference approach to estimate their willingness to pay for green urban distribution. The results obtained are relevant for retailers and/or transport providers who are interested in knowing if consumers’ willingness is sufficient to compensate for the additional costs they have to incur to reduce polluting emissions. The results show that : 1) students, in general, are quite concerned about the environmental impact freight transport produces, responsive to pro-environmental issues and attentive to opinion makers ; 2) females and public transport users are more responsive to green freight deployment. These findings have interesting policy implications, suggesting to channel specific government-sponsored information campaigns toward these population groups to stimulate their green logistic responsive behavior thus inducing a demand for cleaner shipment of goods in cities. Keywords : green urban freight transport, willingness to pay, CO2 emissions, sustainable consumption.

• Serafini, Simone; Nigro, Marialisa; Gatta, Valerio & Marcucci, Edoardo (2018). Sustainable crowdshipping using public transport : a case study evaluation in Rome. Transportation Research Procedia.  ISSN 2352-1465.  30, s 101- 110 . doi: 10.1016/j.trpro.2018.09.012 Show summary

  The paper analyses the willingness to act as a crowdshipper in the case of a last mile B2C e-commerce for pick up/delivery. Specifically, it focuses on crowdshipping services deployed using the public transport network and considering passengers as crowdshippers already moving for other reasons. In fact, this is the most environmental-friendly type of service one can develop given it avoids performing dedicated trips. The paper uses stated preference to identify the most important features associated with the choice of acting as a crowdshipper and discrete choice models to study the underlying behavior. The implementation case study refers to the city of Rome, Italy, and addresses its metro lines, thus understanding and quantifying the effects of this freight transport strategy for e-commerce in an urban context and providing local policy makers a good knowledge base for its future development.

• Gatta, Valerio; Marcucci, Edoardo & Le Pira, Michela (2017). Smart urban freight planning process : integrating desk, living lab and modelling approaches in decision-making. European Transport Research Review.  ISSN 1867-0717.  9(3), s 1- 11 . doi: 10.1007/s12544-017-0245-9 Show summary

  Purpose This paper proposes an innovative approach to decision-making processes for urban freight planning that could easily be transferred across cities while capable of jointly taking into account: (1) all the conceivable and updated urban freight transport (UFT) measures that should apply to the specific city culture, structure and evolution, (2) all the relevant stakeholders and successfully involve them from the beginning, (3) behavioural, technical, operational, organisational and financial issues. Methods The methodology is organised and deployed in three phases, following three different approaches, i.e.: a Bdesk approach^ for data acquisition and knowledge-based policy rankings; a Bliving lab approach^ to foster stakeholders’ engagement in co-creating policies; a Bmodelling approach^ to evaluate policies and find/define an optimised mix of shared applicable/effective policies. Results The three-phase methodology supports public authorities in: (a) increasing knowledge and understanding of the most innovative context-specific UFT policies; (b) integrating UFT policies in strategic urban planning via collaborative participation/governance processes; (c) developing an ex-ante behaviourally consistent, financially robust and technically compatible assessment of shared UFT policy mixes while providing appropriate instruments to facilitate policy adoption and deployment. Conclusions The proposed methodology contributes to the identification and development of effective UFT solutions. Bringing together knowledge acquisition, policy co-creation, behaviour change analysis within a single methodological approach, aimed at identifying an optimised policy package, is both new and needed. Keywords: city logistics, urban freight transport, innovative solutions, behavioural models

• Le Pira, Michela; Marcucci, Edoardo & Gatta, Valerio (2017). Role-playing games as a mean to validate agent-based models : an application to stakeholder-driven urban freight transport policymaking. Transportation Research Procedia.  ISSN 2352-1465.  27, s 404- 411 . doi: 10.1016/j.trpro.2017.12.060 Show summary

  Agent-based models (ABMs) are widely used to replicate transport environments accounting for interaction among stakeholders. Validation of ABMs implies assessing the extent to which the model, from assumptions to results, is capable of approximating reality. To this end, different methods have been proposed, but yet no widely accepted procedure has emerged. This paper addresses this problem and suggests using a procedure based on role-playing games (RPGs). A first application is described with the intent of providing a preliminary contribution to validate an ABM trying to mimic stakeholders’ interaction in a multi-level decisionmaking process in the context of urban freight transport policy-making. The aim is twofold: (1) understand if the structure of the model and the opinion dynamics envisioned are consistent with a real negotiation process, (2) verify if the results derived from the ABM effort are in line with those derived from a real-life experiment. Results of the first preliminary experiment show that the model seems capable of reproducing real-world processes and confirm that well-thought-out RPGs can contribute to validating ABMs. Keywords: city logistics, stakeholder engagement, participatory simulation, model validation, discrete choice models

• Le Pira, Michela; Marcucci, Edoardo; Gatta, Valerio; Ignaccolo, Matteo; Inturri, Giuseppe & Pluchino, Alessandro (2017). Towards a decision-support procedure to foster stakeholder involvement and acceptability of urban freight transport policies. European Transport Research Review.  ISSN 1867-0717.  9(4), s 1- 14 . doi: 10.1007/s12544-017-0268-2 Show summary

  Purpose: This paper addresses the complex problem of multi-stakeholder decisions in urban freight transport policy-making from a public authority perspective, by proposing a procedure based on a modelling approach to support stakeholder involvement in the decision-making process. The paper analyses the existing methods that can be used for participatory decision-support, with the intent of contextualizing and introducing the innovative modelling approach. Methods: The modelling approach consists of a well-thought integration of discrete choice models (DCM) with agent-based models (ABM) as an effective way to account for stakeholders’ opinions in the policy-making process, while mimicking their interaction to find a shared policy package. The integrated modelling approach is able to combine the advantages of the two methods while overcoming their respective weaknesses. Since it is well grounded on sound microeconomic theory, it provides a detailed (static) stakeholders’ behavioural knowledge, but it is also capable of reproducing agents’ (dynamic) interaction during the decision-making process. The integration allows performing an ex-ante behavioural analysis, with the aim of testing the potential acceptability of the solutions proposed. The methodology is applied in a real case study to prove its feasibility and usefulness for participatory decision-making. Results: The integrated modelling approach can be used for participatory decision-support and it can be casted in the overall UFT policy-making process. The results of the behavioural analysis, in terms of ranking of potentially accepted policies, linked with the technical evaluations from transport network modelling tools, provide a sound basis for active participation and deliberation with stakeholders and policy-makers. The aim is to guide an effective participation process aimed at consensus building among stakeholders, by proposing them a subset of policies that, as a result of a preliminary analysis, are likely to be accepted while performing well in terms of technical results. Conclusions: This approach, integrating DCM and ABM, represents a promising way to tackle the complexity of multi-stakeholder involvement in UFT policy-making and to support an efficient and effective decision-making process. It produces an added value for UFT policy-making and it can be framed in the overall context of transport planning. In fact, together with technical and economic analyses, the stakeholder behavioural analysis proposed contributes to the ex-ante policy assessment needed to support decision-makers in taking well-thought decisions. Keywords: stakeholder behavioural analysis, discrete choice models, agent-based models, city logistics, participatory policy-making

• Le Pira, Michela; Marcucci, Edoardo; Gatta, Valerio; Inturri, Giuseppe; Ignaccolo, Matteo & Pluchino, Alessandro (2017). Integrating discrete choice models and agent-based models for ex-ante evaluation of stakeholder policy acceptability in urban freight transport. Research in Transportation Economics.  ISSN 0739-8859.  64(September), s 13- 25 . doi: 10.1016/j.retrec.2017.08.002 Show summary

  This paper discusses the potential benefits of combining discrete choice models (DCMs) and agent-based models (ABMs) to provide a stakeholder behavioural analysis and support stakeholder engagement in urban freight transport (UFT) planning. The integrated modelling framework allows to evaluate stakeholders’ policy acceptability taking into account their heterogeneous preferences and their interactive behaviour. The stakeholder behavioural analysis proposed, together with technical and economic analyses, contributes to the ex-ante policy assessment needed to support policy-makers in taking well-thought-out decisions. An application of the modelling framework is here presented with the aim to prove its feasibility and added value for UFT policy-making, since it provides a ranking of policies that are likely to be accepted by stakeholders and that satisfy their heterogeneous desires and objectives while accounting for interaction effects. Keywords: stated preference, agent-based simulation, stakeholder acceptance, stakeholder behavioural analysis, participatory urban freight transport planning

• Marcucci, Edoardo & Gatta, Valerio (2017). Investigating the potential for off-hour deliveries in the city of Rome : retailers’ perceptions and stated reactions. Transportation Research Part A: Policy and Practice.  ISSN 0965-8564.  102(August), s 142- 156 . doi: 10.1016/j.tra.2017.02.001 Show summary

  This paper investigates the potential for off-hour deliveries in the city of Rome. It focuses on retailers that play a fundamental role in the decision making process often determining delivery times. It explores their preferences for three off-hour delivery prototypes and inquires retailers’ willingness to adopt them, both with and without the provision of dedicated incentives. Finally, it analyses retailers’ reactions to a hypothetical scenario where a mandatory off-hour delivery policy is imposed. The overall results show a good inclination towards off-hour deliveries. This induces optimism with respect to their potential introduction as well as skepticism about the lack of attention local decision makers have, so far, paid to this policy option. Keywords: off-hour delivery, city logistics, urban freight, sustainability, behavior

• Marcucci, Edoardo; Gatta, Valerio; Marciani, Massimo & Cossu, Paola (2017). Measuring the effects of an urban freight policy package defined via a collaborative governance model. Research in Transportation Economics.  ISSN 0739-8859.  65(October), s 3- 9 . doi: 10.1016/j.retrec.2017.09.001 Show summary

  In recent years the European Commission has increasingly focused its attention on the development of sustainable city logistics by promulgating legislation and formal directives. Despite the efforts made, reducing freight-related congestion and polluting emissions without penalising social and economic activities within cities is still a challenging issue. City logistics measures frequently fail mainly due to a lack of support and commitment from stakeholders. A participatory approach in freight transport planning represents a reasonable and valuable option. This paper describes the innovative governance model developed in the city of Turin in Italy that was based on a proactive and effective stakeholders' cooperation for achieving a resilient urban development. The added value of the paper also relates to the real-life assessment of the impacts the non-mandatory policy-mix implemented, based on a collaborative governance model, have on the environment and service delivery thus providing a realistic measure of the viability and effectiveness of the solution proposed. Its voluntary adoption, in fact, produces an increase in commercial vehicles’ speed and a substantial reduction in CO2 emissions while also allowing logistic service providers to perform more deliveries. Keywords: governance model, collaborative logistics, city logistics, stakeholders engagement

• Marcucci, Edoardo; Le Pira, Michela; Carrocci, Celine Sacha; Gatta, Valerio & Pieralice, Eleonora (2017). Connected shared mobility for passengers and freight : investigating the potential of crowdshipping in urban areas, In . . (ed.),  5th IEEE International Conference on Models and Technologies for Intelligent Transportation Systems (MT-ITS 2017) : Napoli, 26-28 June 2017 : Proceedings.  IEEE.  ISBN 978-1-5090-6484-7.  Kapittel i konferanserapport.  s 839 - 843 Show summary

  Passengers and freight mobility in urban areas represents an increasingly relevant component of modern city life. On one side, it fosters economic growth, but, on the other, it also generates high social costs. Congestion and pollution are two problems policy-makers want to curb adopting appropriate measures. The pervasive use of information and communication technology will contribute to the fuller affirmation of the sharing economy paradigm. In this context, connected shared mobility can play a crucial role in relieving cities from transport-related negative externalities. This paper analyses the feasibility and behavioral levers that might facilitate the diffusion of crowdshipping in urban areas. Two are the main objectives the paper pursues. First: investigate under which conditions passengers would be willing to act as crowdshippers. Second: find out under which conditions people would be willing to receive their goods via a crowdshipping service. Crowdshipping can generate positive impacts such as the reduction of total and ad-hoc trips, by optimizing, through sharing, the use of resources and infrastructures. The study described in this paper represents a preliminary investigation, focusing on University students, to acquire the necessary knowledge base for developing a stated preference research endeavor. Preliminary results show that 87% of students would, in principle, be willing to act as crowdshippers (i.e. supply) with an adequate compensation, while 93% of them are willing to receive their goods through a crowdshipping system (i.e. demand) under certain conditions, especially characterized by delivery timing and punctuality.

• Marcucci, Edoardo; Le Pira, Michela; Gatta, Valerio; Inturri, Giuseppe; Ignaccolo, Matteo & Pluchino, Alessandro (2017). Simulating participatory urban freight transport policy-making : accounting for heterogeneous stakeholders’ preferences and interaction effects. Transportation Research Part E: Logistics and Transportation Review.  ISSN 1366-5545.  103(July), s 69- 86 . doi: 10.1016/j.tre.2017.04.006 Show summary

  This paper proposes a novel approach to support participatory decision-making processes in the context of urban freight transport through the integration of discrete choice modeling and agent-based modeling. The methodology is based on an innovative multilayer network and opinion dynamics models and applied to the case study of Rome’s limited traffic zone. Simulation results produce a ranking of plausible policies that maximize consensus building while minimizing utility losses due to the negotiation process. These results can be used to support real participatory decision-making processes on freight-related policies accounting both for stakeholders’ heterogeneous preferences and their interaction effects. Keywords: city logistics, stakeholder engagement, agent-based modeling, discrete choice modeling, stakeholder heterogeneity

• Alessandrini, Adriano; Delle Site, Paolo; Gatta, Valerio; Marcucci, Edoardo & Zhang, Qing (2016). Investigating users’ attitudes towards conventional and automated buses in twelve European cities. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF TRANSPORT ECONOMICS.  ISSN 0303-5247.  43(4), s 413- 436 . doi: 10.19272/201606704001 Show summary

  Driverless buses running in urban low-speed, mixed-traic conditions are the subject of current research and demonstration in Europe. The paper aims to assess how automation fares with respect to conventional services in terms of users’ attitudes. Stated preference data, based on a questionnaire administered in twelve cities, are used for the estimation of logit models providing preference shares for the conventional and the automated bus. The correlation among errors in repeated measurement data is tackled using a multivariate version of the Farlie-Gumbel-Morgenstern copula, yielding a closed form for the choice sequence probability. Estimation results show a relatively higher preference for automation across the cities where the automated bus is implemented inside a major facility. Without provision of information on how the system works and with no experience, users tend not to trust automation in the normal mixed-traic conditions that are found in cities. The impacts of socio-economic variables are heterogenous across cities. Comparison between the logit based on the independence assumption and the logit with correlated observations shows deviations in coeicient estimates as large as twenty per cent with a typical sample size of about two hundred respondents and four choice tasks per individual. Deviations decrease to few percentage points when sample size is tripled. Deviations in preference shares are, however, negligible, a result which, in terms of policy implications, is indicative of the validity of the independence assumption in applied work. Keywords: automated bus, stated preference, logit, correlation, Farlie-Gumbel-Morgenstern copula

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• Gatta, Valerio & Marcucci, Edoardo (2019). Editorial. Research in Transportation Economics.  ISSN 0739-8859.  76(September), s 1- 2 . doi: 10.1016/j.retrec.2019.100770
• Marcucci, Edoardo; Gatta, Valerio & Le Pira, Michela (2019). New trends in urban freight transport : how stakeholder engagement can favour the adoption of sustainable solutions, In Anjali Awasthi (ed.),  Sustainable city logistics planning : methods and applications : volume 2.  Nova Science Publishers, Inc..  ISBN 978-1-53616-561-6.  Chapter 2.
• Marcucci, Edoardo; Gatta, Valerio; Le Pira, Michela & Elias, Wafa (2019). Modal shift, emission reductions and behavioral change: Transport policies and innovations to tackle climate change : editorial. Research in Transportation Economics.  ISSN 0739-8859.  73(March), s 1- 3 . doi: 10.1016/j.retrec.2019.02.003
• Marcucci, Edoardo (2018). Urban distribusjon og crowdshipping. Romsdals Budstikke..  ISSN 0806-5160.  s 40
• Site, Paolo Delle; Kilani, Karim; Gatta, Valerio; Marcucci, Edoardo & De Palma, André (2018). Estimation of Logit and Probit models using best, worst and best-worst choices.
• Gatta, Valerio; Marcucci, Edoardo & Carrocci, Sacha (2017). Potenzialità e criticità di una soluzione innovativa per la distribuzione urbana delle merci : le consegne al di fuori degli orari di picco. Rivista di Studi Politici.  ISSN 1120-4036.  29(2), s 59- 87
• Holguín-Veras, Jose; Marcucci, Edoardo & Wang, Xiaokun (2017). Editorial for the special issue freight behaviour research. Transportation Research Part A: Policy and Practice.  ISSN 0965-8564.  102(August), s 1- 2 . doi: 10.1016/j.tra.2017.04.021
• Marcucci, Edoardo; Gatta, Valerio & Carrocci, Céline Sacha (2017). Le consegne fuori dai picchi orari : il caso di Roma. La Rivista di Economia e Politica dei Trasporti.  ISSN 2282-6599.  3(1) Show summary

  Nelle città europee il settore dei trasporti è l’unico il cui impatto continua a crescere, anziché diminuire. Nel tentativo di rendere le città più vivibili, molte amministrazioni locali, tra cui quella romana, hanno imposto finestre temporali (FT) per l’accesso dei veicoli adibiti al trasporto merci nei centri storici. Tuttavia, in concomitanza con gli orari di apertura delle FT si vengono a creare orari di massima concentrazione del traffico con gravi effetti su ambiente, economia e società. Inoltre, spesso le imposizioni orarie vengono determinate dalle amministrazioni in assenza di un reale confronto con chi ne subisce gli effetti, alimentando il malcontento e il ricorso all’abusivismo che, di fatto, rendono inefficaci le politiche adottate. In alternativa, è possibile stimolare un passaggio volontario alle consegne fuori dai picchi orari (CFP) mediante il coinvolgimento e la sensibilizzazione degli attori direttamente o indirettamente interessati dagli effetti delle misure. Il paper valuta l’accettabilità di soluzioni di CFP nella città di Roma, adottando un approccio congiunto di raccolta dati basato su focus group, interviste in profondità e questionari somministrati ai commercianti. Lo studio evidenzia gli interventi politici necessari per facilitare l’adozione di tali pratiche. Parole chiave: consegne fuori dai picchi, merci urbane, trasporto sostenibile, studio delle preferenze

• Marcucci, Edoardo; Gatta, Valerio & Macharis, Cathy (2017). Urban Freight Policy Innovation : assessment methods. Research in Transportation Economics.  ISSN 0739-8859.  64(September), s 1- 2 . doi: 10.1016/j.retrec.2017.09.008
• Marcucci, Edoardo; Le Pira, Michela; Carrocci, Celine Sacha; Gatta, Valerio & Pieralice, Eleonora (2017). Connected shared mobility for passengers and freight : investigating the potential of crowdshipping in urban areas.

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