Lisa Hansson

• Hansson, Lisa (2019). Public administrators’ roles in the policy adaptation of transport directives : how knowledge is created and reproduced. Transport Policy.  ISSN 0967-070X. . doi: 10.1016/j.tranpol.2019.10.008 Show summary

  The European Union (EU), as well as many national governments, has adopted directives intended to reduce the environmental impact of transport. For example, the EU’s clean fuel strategy requires Member States to develop national policy frameworks for the market development of alternative fuels and their infrastructure. Given these directives, policy solutions must be formulated and proposed by Member States. This paper focuses on the policy adaptation phase of a policy process, specifically on administrators’ knowledge-making when constructing policy proposals. The paper combines policy theory with planning theory and provides a theoretical framework for studying policy adaptation, specifically, administrators’ construction of knowledge in such processes. The empirical study is based on two cases, both situated in the Swedish context. It concludes that administrators use several sources of knowledge: process knowledge, project knowledge, and context knowledge. New policy solutions are constructed by reusing data from existing reports and policy proposals. A specific focus has been on the use of economic analysis as an instrument for evaluating solutions. The paper shows that, in the policy adaptation phase, no new analyses are conducted and that decoupling strategies are used when dealing with economic analysis. Keywords: policy adaptation, transport, public administration, knowledge, sustainable transport, CBA

• Hansson, Lisa & Nerhagen, Lena (2019). Regulatory measurements in policy coordinated practices : the case of promoting renewable energy and cleaner transport in Sweden. Sustainability.  ISSN 2071-1050.  11(6), s 1- 18 . doi: 10.3390/su11061687 Show summary

  International organisations, such as the Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) and the European Union (EU), are seeking to implement a cohesive Regulatory Impact Assessment (RIA) system in order to achieve better regulation and increased unity and transparency. Central to these evaluations is the use of cost-benefit analysis (CBA) and related tools. A comprehensive analysis of the use of impact assessment in the EU shows that many assessments lack important economic components. This paper draws on an extensive document study of the Swedish policy making process related to the EU Directive 2009/28/EC on the promotion of the use of energy from renewable sources. The aim of the paper is to examine how CBA is presented, negotiated and accounted for by central actors within a policy setting influenced by negotiation and policy coordination. The paper departs from a theoretical perspective on policy coordination and shows how this factor must be considered when explaining the low use of CBA. It concludes that the Swedish policy tradition, wherein the national government relies on consensus-based coordination between agencies, might counteract a more explicit assessment of different policy options. The paper also proposes a model that can be used for further studies on CBA and policy coordination. View Full-Text Keywords: Regulatory Impact Assessment; CBA; policy coordination; renewable energy; transport; Sweden

• Lieberherr, Eva; Hansson, Lisa; Leiren, Merethe Dotterud & Schmid, Jonas (2019). Adapting accountability and emerging challenges : contracting-out in the transport sector in Switzerland, Norway and Sweden. Scandinavian Journal of Public Administration.  ISSN 2001-7405.  23(2), s 57- 77 Full text in Research Archive. Show summary

  Government reforms such as contracting-out continue to influence public service provision within infrastructure sectors. Contracting-out involves a detachment of the operators from political decision-making and the creation of intermediary procurement agencies. These reforms therefore tend to require an adaptation of how accountability is implemented. Previously, elected officials delegated their democratic authority (vested in them through public votes) to the public administration and thus more or less controlled service delivery. We address how accountability has been adapted in the context of contracting-out and the challenges that have emerged. We are primarily interested in assessing the ability of the political body to maintain control and the relationship between private service providers, citizens and customers. Using a multiple case study design, we select cases from the public transport sectors at the regional level in Sweden, Norway and Switzerland that represent different contracting-out models. We find that with increasing degrees of autonomy from the state (the two Nordic cases) there are both more adaptations to accountability and also more challenges emerge than the model with direct political control (the Swiss case). The central challenges arise between political- administrative and agency accountability with the involvement of a procurement agency. This has led to reforms to re-integrate the intermediary procurement agencies back into the country administration.

• Hansson, Lisa & Holmgren, Johan (2018). Cost effect of reorganising : a study of special transport services. Research in Transportation Economics.  ISSN 0739-8859.  69(September), s 453- 459 . doi: 10.1016/j.retrec.2018.04.008 Show summary

  It is a policy objective in Sweden that all citizens should have access to the transport system. The public sector is required to provide special transport services (STS) for those who are unable to use regular public transport or private car. Between 1999 and 2014, the yearly cost per STS trip increased by 66%. This is problematic, considering the fact that the population is growing older and an increased demand for STS may be expected in the future. It is therefore important to understand the cost structure of STS operations. Although STS has been organised in various ways in Sweden, the trend is to transfer responsibility from the municipal level to the regional level. This paper examines the cost structure of STS in Sweden to determine whether the transfer of responsibility has had an impact on costs. It is concluded that transferring the procurement of STS from the local to the regional level decreases marginal cost but increases fixed cost, thus lowering costs for municipalities with high levels of production and increasing costs for municipalities with low production levels. Transferring the administration of STS permits is found to have the opposite effect: it lowers fixed costs but increases marginal costs.

• Hansson, Lisa & Weinholt, Åsa (2018). New Frontline Actors Emerging from Cross-Sector Collaboration: Examples from the Fire and Rescue Service Sector. Public Organization Review.  ISSN 1566-7170.  19(4), s 519- 539 . doi: 10.1007/s11115-018-0416-8 Show summary

  Using the fire and rescue service (FRS) sector in Sweden as a case, this paper examines actors who engage in tasks that go beyond their traditional policy areas, and considers how their roles are shaped when interacting in new structures. This paper addresses two cross-sector collaborative practices: a) collaboration between the FRS and homecare nurses; and b) collaboration between the FRS and private security firms. The results show that discretion, occupational identity, expert-role expectations, and personal motivation are central to understanding how new frontline actor roles emerge and how they act within these collaborative arrangements. Keywords: Collaboration, Frontline actors, Local government, Identity, Occupational differences, Fire and rescue services.

• Hansson, Lisa & Aarseth, Turid (2017). Sosial kapital i kommunens møte med flyktninger, I: John Roger Andersen; Eli Bjørhusdal; Jon Gunnar Nesse & Torbjørn Årethun (red.),  Immateriell kapital. Fjordantologien 2017.  Universitetsforlaget.  ISBN 9788215028163.  Kapittel 2.  s 31 - 48 Show summary

  Med utgangspunkt i perspektiv på kommunene som mangefasettert organisasjon og teorier om sosial kapital belyser artikkelen kommuners arbeid som vertkommune og bosetter av flyktninger. Empiriske eksempler fra to kommuner tyder på at kumulativ sosial kapital kan være institusjonalisert, forankret i organisasjonsstrukturen, men også at den bygges nedenfra gjennom kommuneansatte. Artikkelen introduserer begrepet «bakkebyggere» om nye identiteter i kommunalt flyktningarbeid. Nøkkelord: flyktningpolitikk, sosial kapital, kommune, institusjonalisering, bakkebygger

• Hansson, Lisa & Holmgren, Johan (2017). Reducing dependency on special transport services through public transport. Transportation Research Procedia.  ISSN 2352-1465.  25, s 2450- 2460 . doi: 10.1016/j.trpro.2017.05.263 Show summary

  One of the official transport policy objectives in Sweden is that all citizens should have access to the transport system. The public sector is therefore required by law to provide special transport services (STS) for those who are unable to use public transport or private car. STS is often provided through public procurement of taxi services. As a response to new legislation in 2000, there have been developments in the public transport sector, making buses, trains and other parts of the system more accessible to people with disabilities. These developments have also been driven by other objectives, such as reducing costs in STS by transferring passengers from STS to regular public transport. However, so far, there is little evidence of the effects of public transport access on STS usage. The purpose of this paper is to study the effects of public transport system design on the demand for STS permits and usage. The main focus is on how different aspects of the general public transport system (e.g. price and supply levels) affect the demand for STS permits and STS usage per permit. In addition, the analysis will control for socioeconomic and geographical variables. It is concluded that the price and supply level of public transport do affect STS travel. Public transport price affects the demand for permits as well as the demand for trips from permit holders. Public transport service level only has an effect on the demand for permits. Keywords: special transport services, public transport, policy, price, service, accessibility, local government, modal shift, mobility

• Tennøy, Aud; Hansson, Lisa; Lissandrello, Enza & Næss, Petter (2016). How planners' use and non-use of expert knowledge affect the goal achievement potential of plans : Experiences from strategic land-use and transport planning processes in three Scandinavian cities. Progress in Planning.  ISSN 0305-9006.  109(October), s 1- 32 . doi: 10.1016/j.progress.2015.05.002 Full text in Research Archive. Show summary

  This article addresses the question of how planners’ use and non-use of expert knowledge affect the content and goal achievement potential of plans, and discusses how changes in planners’ and researchers’ practices can contribute to improving goal achievement potential. These are questions that have been given surprisingly little attention in planning research. Although interesting discussions have emerged over recent years, few empirical studies have been presented. This article presents theory-based empirical research on these issues based on analyses of strategic land-use and transport planning processes in three Scandinavian cities where an aim is to limit or reduce traffic volumes and greenhouse gas emissions of transport. This is a highly relevant issue when analysing the effects of planners’ use and non-use of expert knowledge. Goal achievement potential refers to whether plans (if implemented) contribute to achieving defined objectives, which in this paper mainly regards curbing or reducing urban traffic volumes. The expert knowledge in question concerns how land-use and transport systems development influence traffic volumes in urban regions. The article concludes that whether planners use the expert knowledge in question or not, and how they use it, do affect the goal achievement potential of the plans they produce. This knowledge is the main basis for many planners’ knowing and acting. Planners use it to understand, explain and argue for how and why coordination is necessary, and for selecting traffic-reducing measures. All examined plans also include strategies and measures that reduce their goal achievement potential, and non-use of the expert knowledge is an important part of the explanation as to how and why this is the case. When competing objectives seem to call for traffic-increasing measures, planners tend not to take account of expert knowledge in explaining that these measures reduce the goal achievement potential of plans, and they do not turn to it for finding innovative ways of solving their planning problems. Instead, they rely on their embedded professional knowledge, which is sometimes outdated or misleading. In other cases, planners disregard the knowledge because it challenges planning agendas or compelling ideas, or they exercise self-censorship when finding that it conflicts with political agendas. Considerable effort is required in ensuring higher goal achievement potential in future plans. Planners need to be more critical of their own tacit knowledge, and turn more actively to research-based knowledge. Researchers need to produce the knowledge planners need in ways that are useful and usable for them.

• Wikström, Martina; Eriksson, Linnea & Hansson, Lisa (2016). Introducing plug-in electric vehicles in public authorities. Research in Transportation Business and Management (RTBM).  ISSN 2210-5395.  18(March), s 29- 37 . doi: 10.1016/j.rtbm.2016.01.009 Show summary

  Plug-in electric vehicles have the potential to contribute to a more energy-efficient and a less fossil dependent road transport system. Swedish local authorities are obligated through legislation to substitute fossil-fuelled vehicles and plug-in electric vehicles offer an alternative for achieving their climate goals. Previous studies assign certain individuals – the policy entrepreneurs – a central role when implementing new technologies in public authorities. By combining the theoretical model of policy entrepreneurs with the theory of outcome indicators, this paper demonstrates how the policy entrepreneur affects and accelerates the introduction of plug-in electric vehicles in local public authorities. The result shows that policy entrepreneurs undertake actions to inform and persuade the decision-makers and raise the issue on the political agenda. The policy entrepreneurs assess the travel demand, find appropriate applications and supervise the deployment process. The policy entrepreneurs inform and inspire vehicle users as a way to ensure acceptance and to increase usage. There are examples of policy entrepreneurs that have accomplished changes in policies governing vehicle use to favour the plug-in electric vehicles. Practical experiences legitimate the policy entrepreneurs when involving local society. The policy entrepreneurs consolidate the new technology within policy documents, amongst the users and in the surrounding society. Keywords: Technology procurement; Outcome indicators; Policy entrepreneur; Plug-in electric vehicles.

• Wikström, Martina; Hansson, Lisa & Per, Alvfors (2016). Investigating barriers for plug-in electric vehicle deployment in fleets. Transportation Research Part D: Transport and Environment.  ISSN 1361-9209.  49(December), s 59- 67 . doi: 10.1016/j.trd.2016.08.008 Show summary

  Commercial vehicle fleets constitute a favourable entry for plug-in electric vehicles (PEVs) into the road transport system. During an extensive demonstration project, with 500 PEVs operating in 100 public and private enterprises, 40 battery electric vehicle (BEV) users were invited to focus group discussions. The focus groups allowed the users to discuss their actual experiences of operating BEVs and thereby provide a greater understanding of the operating conditions experienced by BEV users in different organisations. Based on the discussions, this paper focus on operational barriers, rather than traditional technical or economical barriers. The findings complemented earlier data collected from the demonstration project and further explained the recorded driving and charging behaviour. The conditions to adopt the BEVs vary between the users, and this in turn can relate to organisational conditions. Given a favourable introduction, users adopt and accept the technology. The paper contributes with new findings regarding implementation of BEVs in commercial vehicle fleets and provides an in-depth understanding of the operational barriers that public or private enterprises face when introducing BEVs in their vehicle fleets.

• Hansson, Lisa (2015). Flexible Rural Service Provision: Barriers and Possibilities, In Iréne Bernhard (ed.),  Regional development in an international context: Regional, national, cross border and international factors for growth and development: Revised papers presented at the 18th Uddevalla Symposium, 11–13 June, 2015, Sønderborg, Denmark.  Högskolan Väst.  ISBN 978-91-87531-17-0.  Kapittel.  s 267 - 282
• Hansson, Lisa & Wihlborg, Elin (2015). Constructing an active citizen online - a case study of blogs of medical histories in public healthcare in Sweden. International Journal of Public Information Systems.  ISSN 1653-4360.  11(1)
• Wikström, Martina; Hansson, Lisa & Alvfors, Per (2015). An End has a Start – Investigating the Usage of Electric Vehicles in Commercial Fleets. Energy Procedia.  ISSN 1876-6102.  75, s 1932- 1937
• Hansson, Lisa & Longva, Frode (2014). Contracting accountability in network governance structures. Qualitative Research in Accounting and Management.  ISSN 1176-6093.  11(2), s 92- 110 . doi: 10.1108/QRAM-04-2014-0032 Show summary

  Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to illustrate how accountability is expressed in contractual arrangements found in network governance structures that provide public transport services and to raise discussion of how to understand contracting accountability in network governance contexts. Design/methodology/approach – The paper is rooted in two research traditions: contracting studies and studies of accountability in government/governance contexts. Content analysis is used in examining contracts from two cases. These contracts are of five types: contracts between public organizations, contracts within a public organization, contracts between public organizations and private firms, and contracts between political parties within a municipality and contracts within a network. Various contracting approaches are identified within these types. Findings – The paper concludes that the contracts' functions differ between the cases. The first case did not have an overall contract that defined the network, relying on different two-party contracts instead. In the other case, an incentive-based contract was used to link the organizations. From an accountability perspective, the latter contracting structure clarifies the roles and responsibilities of the actors and increases the possibility of accountability to citizens. Originality/value – The paper brings new insights to the field of contracting and accountability by focusing on the role of contracts in network governance structures, taking account of various accountability relationships. It also contributes new theoretical categories usable when analysing contracting accountability in a network context.

• Wikström, Martina; Hansson, Lisa & Alvfors, Per (2014). Socio-technical experiences from electric vehicle utilisation in commercial fleets. Applied Energy.  ISSN 0306-2619.  123
• Næss, Petter; Hansson, Lisa; Richardson, Tim & Tennøy, Aud (2013). Knowledge-based land use and transport planning? Consistency and gap between ‘state-of-the-art’ knowledge and knowledge claims in planning documents in three Scandinavian city regions. Planning Theory & Practice.  ISSN 1464-9357.  14(4), s 470- 491 . doi: 10.1080/14649357.2013.845682 Full text in Research Archive. Show summary

  The central concern of this paper is the relationship between research-driven “state-of-the-art” knowledge, and knowledge claims made in practice, in planning for sustainability. The paper approaches this topic from a critical realist perspective, which is used to provide criteria for positing “state-of-the-art” knowledge validity, and assessing the quality of situated knowledge claims in planning practice. In this way the paper contributes to debates about an ontological turn in planning knowledge. By reviewing key planning documents in three Scandinavian city regions, the paper shows that the knowledge claims about travel behavioral impacts of proposed land use and transport infrastructure presented in the documents are, to varying extents, in accordance with “state-of-the-art” academic knowledge on these topics. Some long-standing “planning myths” are encountered in the investigated planning documents. In one of the cities, residential and workplace location close to suburban public transport stops is highlighted as a traffic-reducing measure, rather than proximity to inner-city concentrations of jobs and other facilities, and density is discussed at a neighborhood scale rather than at a city scale. In all three cities, planning documents depict road capacity increases as having no traffic-generating effect. These latter claims are used in support of more decentralized land-use patterns and considerable road development. Since the likelihood of achieving sustainability goals relies heavily on whether the measures chosen are productive or counter-productive, knowledge obviously matters. A stronger focus on how well suited proposed strategies for spatial development are to produce their purported outcomes should be welcomed in planning research and practice.

• Hansson, Lisa (2013). Hybrid steering cultures in the governance of public transport – a successful way to meet demands?. Research in Transportation Economics.  ISSN 0739-8859.  39(1), s 175- 184
• Hansson, Lisa (2012). In search of sustainability: examining the variation in a national planning model when applied to different urban transport projects, In James W. S. Longhurst & Carlos Alberto Brebbia (ed.),  Urban transport XVIII : urban transport and the environment in the 21st century.  WIT Press.  ISBN 978-1-84564-580-9.  KAPITTEL.  s 457 - 467
• Hansson, Lisa (2012). The private whistleblower: defining a new type of role in the public procurement system. Business and Politics.  ISSN 1369-5258.  14(2)
• Hansson, Lisa (2011). Negativt entreprenörskap – fallet upphandling, I: Marie-Louise von Bergmann-Winberg & Elin Wihlborg (red.),  Politikens entreprenörskap – kreativ problemlösning och förändring.  Liber.  ISBN 978-91-47-09469-1.  kap 9.  s 194 - 213
• Hansson, Lisa (2011). Public Procurement at the Local Government Level – Actor roles, discretion, and constraints in the implementation of public transport goals. Linköping studies in arts and science. 528.
• Hansson, Lisa (2011). The tactics behind public transport procurements: an integrated actor approach. European Transport Research Review.  ISSN 1867-0717.  3(4), s 197- 209
• Hansson, Lisa & Holmgren, Johan (2011). Bypassing public procurement regulation: a study of rationality in local decision making. Regulation & Governance.  ISSN 1748-5983.  5, s 368- 385 . doi: 10.1111/j.1748-5991.2011.01110.x Show summary

  Using private contractors through procurement is common in most public sector areas. Despite the benefits of procurement, officials are sometimes tempted to circumvent procurement regulations. The aim of the article is to examine strategies used by local governmental decision makers to bypass procurement regulations, analyzing the rationality underlying their actions. Interviews, court documents, municipal documents, and articles describing the actions of Swedish municipal officials concerning special transport service (STS) procurements were collected and analyzed. In a case in which rural municipalities lost regular taxi services after STS procurement, we demonstrate how decisions were driven by pressure from the public and local interest groups, making municipal officials deviate from procurement regulations in striving to secure the existence of regular taxi services. One outcome was that local businesses were given preferential treatment, violating regulations and reducing economic efficiency.

• Hansson, Lisa (2010). Solving procurement problems in public transport: Examining multi-principal roles in relation to effective control mechanisms. Research in Transportation Economics.  ISSN 0739-8859.  29(1), s 122- 132
• Hansson, Lisa (2008). Spela med tiden - kommunalpolitiska strategier för att nå inflytande i trafikfrågor, I: Mats Brusman; Tora Friberg & J. Summerton (red.),  Resande, planering, makt.  Arkiv förlag & tidskrift.  ISBN 9789179242152.  4.

View all works in Cristin

• Hansson, Lisa (2020). Visual representation in urban transport planning : Where have all the cars gone?. Transportation Research Part A: Policy and Practice.  ISSN 0965-8564.  133(March), s 1- 11 . doi: 10.1016/j.tra.2019.11.027 Show summary

  To strengthen public participation in planning and to aid the public in understanding the proposed plans, planners use different types of illustrations to show the outcome of a project. Effective presentation of the projects’ impacts on the public has become increasingly essential in planning and designing transport systems. However, a central premise for conscious decision-making is that the information of the project must be realistically presented so that the plans are accurate in relation to the estimated effects. Drawing from theories on visualisation in plans and science and technology studies (STS), the paper aims to discuss and raise awareness of visual representation in urban transport planning. Using data from large road infrastructure projects in Norway, visual illustrations found in planning documents are analysed in relation to written texts on traffic effects and the overall project goal. By focusing on the visual illustrations, it is shown that artefacts related to the green environment and transport modes of cycles, buses and walking are overrepresented in the documents. The visualisation support the idea of a sustainable transport system and a sustainable mobility planning approach. Most of the projects are road enlargement projects; however, there is a lack of visualisation of car flows, or the flows are very low. Cars are toned down (or even absent) compared with the estimated effects. The documents also show clear patterns of standardisation of artefacts. Nevertheless, there is a heterogeneity in the visual illustrations when combining different documents. The paper introduces the concept ‘add-on flexibility’ to illustrate this type of contextualisation. It contributes to a new critical perspective on visualisation and its representation in urban transport planning.

• Hansson, Lisa (2019). Public administrators’ roles in the policy adaptation of transport directives : how knowledge is created and reproduced. Transport Policy.  ISSN 0967-070X. . doi: 10.1016/j.tranpol.2019.10.008 Show summary

  The European Union (EU), as well as many national governments, has adopted directives intended to reduce the environmental impact of transport. For example, the EU’s clean fuel strategy requires Member States to develop national policy frameworks for the market development of alternative fuels and their infrastructure. Given these directives, policy solutions must be formulated and proposed by Member States. This paper focuses on the policy adaptation phase of a policy process, specifically on administrators’ knowledge-making when constructing policy proposals. The paper combines policy theory with planning theory and provides a theoretical framework for studying policy adaptation, specifically, administrators’ construction of knowledge in such processes. The empirical study is based on two cases, both situated in the Swedish context. It concludes that administrators use several sources of knowledge: process knowledge, project knowledge, and context knowledge. New policy solutions are constructed by reusing data from existing reports and policy proposals. A specific focus has been on the use of economic analysis as an instrument for evaluating solutions. The paper shows that, in the policy adaptation phase, no new analyses are conducted and that decoupling strategies are used when dealing with economic analysis. Keywords: policy adaptation, transport, public administration, knowledge, sustainable transport, CBA

• Hansson, Lisa & Nerhagen, Lena (2019). Regulatory measurements in policy coordinated practices : the case of promoting renewable energy and cleaner transport in Sweden. Sustainability.  ISSN 2071-1050.  11(6), s 1- 18 . doi: 10.3390/su11061687 Show summary

  International organisations, such as the Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) and the European Union (EU), are seeking to implement a cohesive Regulatory Impact Assessment (RIA) system in order to achieve better regulation and increased unity and transparency. Central to these evaluations is the use of cost-benefit analysis (CBA) and related tools. A comprehensive analysis of the use of impact assessment in the EU shows that many assessments lack important economic components. This paper draws on an extensive document study of the Swedish policy making process related to the EU Directive 2009/28/EC on the promotion of the use of energy from renewable sources. The aim of the paper is to examine how CBA is presented, negotiated and accounted for by central actors within a policy setting influenced by negotiation and policy coordination. The paper departs from a theoretical perspective on policy coordination and shows how this factor must be considered when explaining the low use of CBA. It concludes that the Swedish policy tradition, wherein the national government relies on consensus-based coordination between agencies, might counteract a more explicit assessment of different policy options. The paper also proposes a model that can be used for further studies on CBA and policy coordination. View Full-Text Keywords: Regulatory Impact Assessment; CBA; policy coordination; renewable energy; transport; Sweden

• Hansson, Lisa & Torsteinsen, Harald (2019). Providing ’hard’ local government services in a multi-level, multi-actor system. Scandinavian Journal of Public Administration.  ISSN 2001-7405.  23(2), s 3- 11
• Lieberherr, Eva; Hansson, Lisa; Leiren, Merethe Dotterud & Schmid, Jonas (2019). Adapting accountability and emerging challenges : contracting-out in the transport sector in Switzerland, Norway and Sweden. Scandinavian Journal of Public Administration.  ISSN 2001-7405.  23(2), s 57- 77 Full text in Research Archive. Show summary

  Government reforms such as contracting-out continue to influence public service provision within infrastructure sectors. Contracting-out involves a detachment of the operators from political decision-making and the creation of intermediary procurement agencies. These reforms therefore tend to require an adaptation of how accountability is implemented. Previously, elected officials delegated their democratic authority (vested in them through public votes) to the public administration and thus more or less controlled service delivery. We address how accountability has been adapted in the context of contracting-out and the challenges that have emerged. We are primarily interested in assessing the ability of the political body to maintain control and the relationship between private service providers, citizens and customers. Using a multiple case study design, we select cases from the public transport sectors at the regional level in Sweden, Norway and Switzerland that represent different contracting-out models. We find that with increasing degrees of autonomy from the state (the two Nordic cases) there are both more adaptations to accountability and also more challenges emerge than the model with direct political control (the Swiss case). The central challenges arise between political- administrative and agency accountability with the involvement of a procurement agency. This has led to reforms to re-integrate the intermediary procurement agencies back into the country administration.

• Hansson, Lisa & Holmgren, Johan (2018). Cost effect of reorganising : a study of special transport services. Research in Transportation Economics.  ISSN 0739-8859.  69(September), s 453- 459 . doi: 10.1016/j.retrec.2018.04.008 Show summary

  It is a policy objective in Sweden that all citizens should have access to the transport system. The public sector is required to provide special transport services (STS) for those who are unable to use regular public transport or private car. Between 1999 and 2014, the yearly cost per STS trip increased by 66%. This is problematic, considering the fact that the population is growing older and an increased demand for STS may be expected in the future. It is therefore important to understand the cost structure of STS operations. Although STS has been organised in various ways in Sweden, the trend is to transfer responsibility from the municipal level to the regional level. This paper examines the cost structure of STS in Sweden to determine whether the transfer of responsibility has had an impact on costs. It is concluded that transferring the procurement of STS from the local to the regional level decreases marginal cost but increases fixed cost, thus lowering costs for municipalities with high levels of production and increasing costs for municipalities with low production levels. Transferring the administration of STS permits is found to have the opposite effect: it lowers fixed costs but increases marginal costs.

• Hansson, Lisa & Weinholt, Åsa (2018). New Frontline Actors Emerging from Cross-Sector Collaboration: Examples from the Fire and Rescue Service Sector. Public Organization Review.  ISSN 1566-7170.  19(4), s 519- 539 . doi: 10.1007/s11115-018-0416-8 Show summary

  Using the fire and rescue service (FRS) sector in Sweden as a case, this paper examines actors who engage in tasks that go beyond their traditional policy areas, and considers how their roles are shaped when interacting in new structures. This paper addresses two cross-sector collaborative practices: a) collaboration between the FRS and homecare nurses; and b) collaboration between the FRS and private security firms. The results show that discretion, occupational identity, expert-role expectations, and personal motivation are central to understanding how new frontline actor roles emerge and how they act within these collaborative arrangements. Keywords: Collaboration, Frontline actors, Local government, Identity, Occupational differences, Fire and rescue services.

• Hansson, Lisa & Aarseth, Turid (2017). Sosial kapital i kommunens møte med flyktninger, I: John Roger Andersen; Eli Bjørhusdal; Jon Gunnar Nesse & Torbjørn Årethun (red.),  Immateriell kapital. Fjordantologien 2017.  Universitetsforlaget.  ISBN 9788215028163.  Kapittel 2.  s 31 - 48 Show summary

  Med utgangspunkt i perspektiv på kommunene som mangefasettert organisasjon og teorier om sosial kapital belyser artikkelen kommuners arbeid som vertkommune og bosetter av flyktninger. Empiriske eksempler fra to kommuner tyder på at kumulativ sosial kapital kan være institusjonalisert, forankret i organisasjonsstrukturen, men også at den bygges nedenfra gjennom kommuneansatte. Artikkelen introduserer begrepet «bakkebyggere» om nye identiteter i kommunalt flyktningarbeid. Nøkkelord: flyktningpolitikk, sosial kapital, kommune, institusjonalisering, bakkebygger

• Hansson, Lisa & Holmgren, Johan (2017). Reducing dependency on special transport services through public transport. Transportation Research Procedia.  ISSN 2352-1465.  25, s 2450- 2460 . doi: 10.1016/j.trpro.2017.05.263 Show summary

  One of the official transport policy objectives in Sweden is that all citizens should have access to the transport system. The public sector is therefore required by law to provide special transport services (STS) for those who are unable to use public transport or private car. STS is often provided through public procurement of taxi services. As a response to new legislation in 2000, there have been developments in the public transport sector, making buses, trains and other parts of the system more accessible to people with disabilities. These developments have also been driven by other objectives, such as reducing costs in STS by transferring passengers from STS to regular public transport. However, so far, there is little evidence of the effects of public transport access on STS usage. The purpose of this paper is to study the effects of public transport system design on the demand for STS permits and usage. The main focus is on how different aspects of the general public transport system (e.g. price and supply levels) affect the demand for STS permits and STS usage per permit. In addition, the analysis will control for socioeconomic and geographical variables. It is concluded that the price and supply level of public transport do affect STS travel. Public transport price affects the demand for permits as well as the demand for trips from permit holders. Public transport service level only has an effect on the demand for permits. Keywords: special transport services, public transport, policy, price, service, accessibility, local government, modal shift, mobility

• Tennøy, Aud; Hansson, Lisa; Lissandrello, Enza & Næss, Petter (2016). How planners' use and non-use of expert knowledge affect the goal achievement potential of plans : Experiences from strategic land-use and transport planning processes in three Scandinavian cities. Progress in Planning.  ISSN 0305-9006.  109(October), s 1- 32 . doi: 10.1016/j.progress.2015.05.002 Full text in Research Archive. Show summary

  This article addresses the question of how planners’ use and non-use of expert knowledge affect the content and goal achievement potential of plans, and discusses how changes in planners’ and researchers’ practices can contribute to improving goal achievement potential. These are questions that have been given surprisingly little attention in planning research. Although interesting discussions have emerged over recent years, few empirical studies have been presented. This article presents theory-based empirical research on these issues based on analyses of strategic land-use and transport planning processes in three Scandinavian cities where an aim is to limit or reduce traffic volumes and greenhouse gas emissions of transport. This is a highly relevant issue when analysing the effects of planners’ use and non-use of expert knowledge. Goal achievement potential refers to whether plans (if implemented) contribute to achieving defined objectives, which in this paper mainly regards curbing or reducing urban traffic volumes. The expert knowledge in question concerns how land-use and transport systems development influence traffic volumes in urban regions. The article concludes that whether planners use the expert knowledge in question or not, and how they use it, do affect the goal achievement potential of the plans they produce. This knowledge is the main basis for many planners’ knowing and acting. Planners use it to understand, explain and argue for how and why coordination is necessary, and for selecting traffic-reducing measures. All examined plans also include strategies and measures that reduce their goal achievement potential, and non-use of the expert knowledge is an important part of the explanation as to how and why this is the case. When competing objectives seem to call for traffic-increasing measures, planners tend not to take account of expert knowledge in explaining that these measures reduce the goal achievement potential of plans, and they do not turn to it for finding innovative ways of solving their planning problems. Instead, they rely on their embedded professional knowledge, which is sometimes outdated or misleading. In other cases, planners disregard the knowledge because it challenges planning agendas or compelling ideas, or they exercise self-censorship when finding that it conflicts with political agendas. Considerable effort is required in ensuring higher goal achievement potential in future plans. Planners need to be more critical of their own tacit knowledge, and turn more actively to research-based knowledge. Researchers need to produce the knowledge planners need in ways that are useful and usable for them.

• Wikström, Martina; Eriksson, Linnea & Hansson, Lisa (2016). Introducing plug-in electric vehicles in public authorities. Research in Transportation Business and Management (RTBM).  ISSN 2210-5395.  18(March), s 29- 37 . doi: 10.1016/j.rtbm.2016.01.009 Show summary

  Plug-in electric vehicles have the potential to contribute to a more energy-efficient and a less fossil dependent road transport system. Swedish local authorities are obligated through legislation to substitute fossil-fuelled vehicles and plug-in electric vehicles offer an alternative for achieving their climate goals. Previous studies assign certain individuals – the policy entrepreneurs – a central role when implementing new technologies in public authorities. By combining the theoretical model of policy entrepreneurs with the theory of outcome indicators, this paper demonstrates how the policy entrepreneur affects and accelerates the introduction of plug-in electric vehicles in local public authorities. The result shows that policy entrepreneurs undertake actions to inform and persuade the decision-makers and raise the issue on the political agenda. The policy entrepreneurs assess the travel demand, find appropriate applications and supervise the deployment process. The policy entrepreneurs inform and inspire vehicle users as a way to ensure acceptance and to increase usage. There are examples of policy entrepreneurs that have accomplished changes in policies governing vehicle use to favour the plug-in electric vehicles. Practical experiences legitimate the policy entrepreneurs when involving local society. The policy entrepreneurs consolidate the new technology within policy documents, amongst the users and in the surrounding society. Keywords: Technology procurement; Outcome indicators; Policy entrepreneur; Plug-in electric vehicles.

• Wikström, Martina; Hansson, Lisa & Per, Alvfors (2016). Investigating barriers for plug-in electric vehicle deployment in fleets. Transportation Research Part D: Transport and Environment.  ISSN 1361-9209.  49(December), s 59- 67 . doi: 10.1016/j.trd.2016.08.008 Show summary

  Commercial vehicle fleets constitute a favourable entry for plug-in electric vehicles (PEVs) into the road transport system. During an extensive demonstration project, with 500 PEVs operating in 100 public and private enterprises, 40 battery electric vehicle (BEV) users were invited to focus group discussions. The focus groups allowed the users to discuss their actual experiences of operating BEVs and thereby provide a greater understanding of the operating conditions experienced by BEV users in different organisations. Based on the discussions, this paper focus on operational barriers, rather than traditional technical or economical barriers. The findings complemented earlier data collected from the demonstration project and further explained the recorded driving and charging behaviour. The conditions to adopt the BEVs vary between the users, and this in turn can relate to organisational conditions. Given a favourable introduction, users adopt and accept the technology. The paper contributes with new findings regarding implementation of BEVs in commercial vehicle fleets and provides an in-depth understanding of the operational barriers that public or private enterprises face when introducing BEVs in their vehicle fleets.

• Hansson, Lisa (2015). Flexible Rural Service Provision: Barriers and Possibilities, In Iréne Bernhard (ed.),  Regional development in an international context: Regional, national, cross border and international factors for growth and development: Revised papers presented at the 18th Uddevalla Symposium, 11–13 June, 2015, Sønderborg, Denmark.  Högskolan Väst.  ISBN 978-91-87531-17-0.  Kapittel.  s 267 - 282
• Hansson, Lisa & Wihlborg, Elin (2015). Constructing an active citizen online - a case study of blogs of medical histories in public healthcare in Sweden. International Journal of Public Information Systems.  ISSN 1653-4360.  11(1)
• Wikström, Martina; Hansson, Lisa & Alvfors, Per (2015). An End has a Start – Investigating the Usage of Electric Vehicles in Commercial Fleets. Energy Procedia.  ISSN 1876-6102.  75, s 1932- 1937
• Hansson, Lisa & Longva, Frode (2014). Contracting accountability in network governance structures. Qualitative Research in Accounting and Management.  ISSN 1176-6093.  11(2), s 92- 110 . doi: 10.1108/QRAM-04-2014-0032 Show summary

  Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to illustrate how accountability is expressed in contractual arrangements found in network governance structures that provide public transport services and to raise discussion of how to understand contracting accountability in network governance contexts. Design/methodology/approach – The paper is rooted in two research traditions: contracting studies and studies of accountability in government/governance contexts. Content analysis is used in examining contracts from two cases. These contracts are of five types: contracts between public organizations, contracts within a public organization, contracts between public organizations and private firms, and contracts between political parties within a municipality and contracts within a network. Various contracting approaches are identified within these types. Findings – The paper concludes that the contracts' functions differ between the cases. The first case did not have an overall contract that defined the network, relying on different two-party contracts instead. In the other case, an incentive-based contract was used to link the organizations. From an accountability perspective, the latter contracting structure clarifies the roles and responsibilities of the actors and increases the possibility of accountability to citizens. Originality/value – The paper brings new insights to the field of contracting and accountability by focusing on the role of contracts in network governance structures, taking account of various accountability relationships. It also contributes new theoretical categories usable when analysing contracting accountability in a network context.

• Wikström, Martina; Hansson, Lisa & Alvfors, Per (2014). Socio-technical experiences from electric vehicle utilisation in commercial fleets. Applied Energy.  ISSN 0306-2619.  123
• Næss, Petter; Hansson, Lisa; Richardson, Tim & Tennøy, Aud (2013). Knowledge-based land use and transport planning? Consistency and gap between ‘state-of-the-art’ knowledge and knowledge claims in planning documents in three Scandinavian city regions. Planning Theory & Practice.  ISSN 1464-9357.  14(4), s 470- 491 . doi: 10.1080/14649357.2013.845682 Full text in Research Archive. Show summary

  The central concern of this paper is the relationship between research-driven “state-of-the-art” knowledge, and knowledge claims made in practice, in planning for sustainability. The paper approaches this topic from a critical realist perspective, which is used to provide criteria for positing “state-of-the-art” knowledge validity, and assessing the quality of situated knowledge claims in planning practice. In this way the paper contributes to debates about an ontological turn in planning knowledge. By reviewing key planning documents in three Scandinavian city regions, the paper shows that the knowledge claims about travel behavioral impacts of proposed land use and transport infrastructure presented in the documents are, to varying extents, in accordance with “state-of-the-art” academic knowledge on these topics. Some long-standing “planning myths” are encountered in the investigated planning documents. In one of the cities, residential and workplace location close to suburban public transport stops is highlighted as a traffic-reducing measure, rather than proximity to inner-city concentrations of jobs and other facilities, and density is discussed at a neighborhood scale rather than at a city scale. In all three cities, planning documents depict road capacity increases as having no traffic-generating effect. These latter claims are used in support of more decentralized land-use patterns and considerable road development. Since the likelihood of achieving sustainability goals relies heavily on whether the measures chosen are productive or counter-productive, knowledge obviously matters. A stronger focus on how well suited proposed strategies for spatial development are to produce their purported outcomes should be welcomed in planning research and practice.

• Hansson, Lisa (2013). Hybrid steering cultures in the governance of public transport – a successful way to meet demands?. Research in Transportation Economics.  ISSN 0739-8859.  39(1), s 175- 184
• Hansson, Lisa (2012). In search of sustainability: examining the variation in a national planning model when applied to different urban transport projects, In James W. S. Longhurst & Carlos Alberto Brebbia (ed.),  Urban transport XVIII : urban transport and the environment in the 21st century.  WIT Press.  ISBN 978-1-84564-580-9.  KAPITTEL.  s 457 - 467
• Hansson, Lisa (2012). The private whistleblower: defining a new type of role in the public procurement system. Business and Politics.  ISSN 1369-5258.  14(2)
• Hansson, Lisa (2011). Negativt entreprenörskap – fallet upphandling, I: Marie-Louise von Bergmann-Winberg & Elin Wihlborg (red.),  Politikens entreprenörskap – kreativ problemlösning och förändring.  Liber.  ISBN 978-91-47-09469-1.  kap 9.  s 194 - 213
• Hansson, Lisa (2011). The tactics behind public transport procurements: an integrated actor approach. European Transport Research Review.  ISSN 1867-0717.  3(4), s 197- 209
• Hansson, Lisa & Holmgren, Johan (2011). Bypassing public procurement regulation: a study of rationality in local decision making. Regulation & Governance.  ISSN 1748-5983.  5, s 368- 385 . doi: 10.1111/j.1748-5991.2011.01110.x Show summary

  Using private contractors through procurement is common in most public sector areas. Despite the benefits of procurement, officials are sometimes tempted to circumvent procurement regulations. The aim of the article is to examine strategies used by local governmental decision makers to bypass procurement regulations, analyzing the rationality underlying their actions. Interviews, court documents, municipal documents, and articles describing the actions of Swedish municipal officials concerning special transport service (STS) procurements were collected and analyzed. In a case in which rural municipalities lost regular taxi services after STS procurement, we demonstrate how decisions were driven by pressure from the public and local interest groups, making municipal officials deviate from procurement regulations in striving to secure the existence of regular taxi services. One outcome was that local businesses were given preferential treatment, violating regulations and reducing economic efficiency.

• Hansson, Lisa (2010). Solving procurement problems in public transport: Examining multi-principal roles in relation to effective control mechanisms. Research in Transportation Economics.  ISSN 0739-8859.  29(1), s 122- 132
• Hansson, Lisa (2008). Spela med tiden - kommunalpolitiska strategier för att nå inflytande i trafikfrågor, I: Mats Brusman; Tora Friberg & J. Summerton (red.),  Resande, planering, makt.  Arkiv förlag & tidskrift.  ISBN 9789179242152.  4.

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• Hansson, Lisa (2019). Administrators’ Roles in the Policy Adaptation of Transport Directives: How Knowledge is Created and Reproduced.
• Hansson, Lisa (2019). Regulatory standard setting for emerging technologies – the case of autonomous vehicles in Sweden and Norway.
• Haugen, Kjetil K.; Bøyum-Folkeseth, Linda; Hansson, Lisa; Halse, Lise Lillebrygfjeld; Guvåg, Bjørn; Vik, Erlend; Hjelle, Harald M. & Heen, Knut Peder (2019). Fra toppen av Haugen : Linda tok gullet!. Panorama : nettavis for Høgskolen i Molde.
• Hansson, Lisa (2017). The role of artifacts in urban transport planning – where have all the cars gone?.
• Hansson, Lisa & Holmgren, Johan (2017). Cost effect of reorganizing – a study of special transport services.
• Wihlborg, Elin; Hansson, Lisa & Örnerheim, Mattias (2017). Implementering av patientlagstiftning : En lång resa från goda intentioner till nya förhållningssätt i vårdvardagen.
• Hansson, Lisa (2016). Kontrakt som politiskt styrmedel.
• Hansson, Lisa & Holmgren, Johan (2016). God kollektivtrafik för minskat färdtjänstberoende.
• Hansson, Lisa & Holmgren, Johan (2016). Reducing dependency on special transport services through public transport.
• Hansson, Lisa & Nerhagen, Lena (2016). Implementing regulatory measures in Sweden: on policy making traditions and the (non) use of regulatory impact assessment.
• Hansson, Lisa (2015). Flexible rural public service provision - new perspectives and barriers.
• Hansson, Lisa; Leiren, Merethe Dotterud & Lieberherr, Eva (2015). Liberalization and accountability adaptation: Insights from the water and transport sectors.
• Hansson, Lisa & Weinholt, Åsa (2014). Collaborative practices at local government level: examples from the emergency response sector.
• Hansson, Lisa; Wihlborg, Elin & Örnerheim, Mattias (2014). Bypassing Multi-level governances by Consumer Choices – the case of patients’ rights in the Swedish Health Care System.
• Ihs, Anita; Bolling, Anne; Hansson, Lisa; Hedström, Ragnar & Sörensen, Gunilla (2014). Säkerhet vid väg- och spårarbete. En Intervjustudie. VTI rapport. 825.
• Hansson, Lisa (2013). Policyskapande genom konsultokrati och branschlobbyism.
• Hansson, Lisa; Lissandrello, Enza; Longva, Frode; Næss, Petter; Richardson, Timothy Kevin & Svensson, Tomas (2013). A Scandinavian public transport model? A comparative study of Denmark, Norway, and Sweden.
• Hansson, Lisa & Longva, Frode (2013). Contracting accountability in Multi-level Networks.
• Hrelja, Robert; Hansson, Lisa; Richardson, Timothy Kevin; Svensson, Tomas; Lissandrello, Enza; Næss, Petter; Tennøy, Aud & Longva, Frode (2013). Innovations for sustainable public transport – Experiences and challenges in the Scandinavian counties. VTI rapport. 799.
• Aretun, Åsa & Hansson, Lisa (2012). Ekonomiska styrmedel för en hållbar personbilstrafik - konsekvenser för tillgänglighet.
• Hansson, Lisa (2012). Contracting Accountability.
• Hansson, Lisa (2012). In search of sustainability: examining the variation in a national planning model when applied to different urban transport projects.
• Hansson, Lisa (2011). Hybrid steering cultures in the governance of public transport – a successful way to meet demands.
• Hansson, Lisa (2011). Public Procurement at the Local Government Level – Actor roles, discretion, and constraints in the implementation of public transport goals. Linköping studies in arts and science. 528.
• Hansson, Lisa (2009). Managing Problems in Public Procurement of regional bus transport involved in an EU infringement process.
• Nordbakke, Susanne Therese Dale & Hansson, Lisa (2009). Mobilitet og velferd blant bevegelseshemmede - bilens rolle. TØI-rapport. 1041/2009.
• Hansson, Lisa (2007). Perspektiv på tid- diskussion om hur man kan studera politiskt beslutsfattande i kollektivtrafikfrågor.
• Hansson, Lisa (2007). Tid och infrastrukturella beslutsprocesser.

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