Harald Martin Hjelle

• Yang, Zaili; Wang, Y; Li, D; Hjelle, Harald M.; Yan, X. & Shi, X [Vis alle 18 forfattere av denne artikkelen] (2021). Challenges and developments in integrated container supply chains : a research agenda on Europe-China research network on integrated container supply chains (ENRICH) project. I Hernández, Jorge E.; Li, Dong; Jiménez-Sánchez, José Elías; Cedillo-Campos, Miguel Gaston & Wenping, Luo (Red.), Collaborative logistics and intermodality : integration in supply chain network models and solutions for global environments. Springer. ISSN 9783030509583. s. 1–15. doi: 10.1007/978-3-030-50958-3_1. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv Vis sammendrag

  This book presents new approaches to logistics solutions in global environments, with a special focus on collaborative logistics and intermodality. Contributions in this book are linked to two major initiatives in global logistics - H2020 MSCA-RISE-EU project EC-Asia Research Network on Integration of Global and Local Agri-Food Supply Chains Towards Sustainable Food Security (GOLF), and the ​International Conference on Logistics & Supply Chain (CiLOG). Topics covered in this book are: global logistics environments in manufacturing industries, key logistic decision-making parameters, global logistics management and its impact on container logistics processes, logistic market clusters and many more.

• Lin, Ning & Hjelle, Harald M. (2021). Supply chain solutions to upstream buyer consolidation with green and resilient supply chain designs in the China-Europe containerized cargo flows. I Hernández, Jorge E.; Li, Dong; Jiménez-Sánchez, José Elías; Cedillo-Campos, Miguel Gaston & Wenping, Luo (Red.), Collaborative logistics and intermodality : integration in supply chain network models and solutions for global environments. Springer. ISSN 9783030509583. s. 27–51. doi: 10.1007/978-3-030-50958-3_3. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv Vis sammendrag

  This book presents new approaches to logistics solutions in global environments, with a special focus on collaborative logistics and intermodality. Contributions in this book are linked to two major initiatives in global logistics - H2020 MSCA-RISE-EU project EC-Asia Research Network on Integration of Global and Local Agri-Food Supply Chains Towards Sustainable Food Security (GOLF), and the ​International Conference on Logistics & Supply Chain (CiLOG). Topics covered in this book are: global logistics environments in manufacturing industries, key logistic decision-making parameters, global logistics management and its impact on container logistics processes, logistic market clusters and many more.

• Shaton, Katerina; Hervik, Arild & Hjelle, Harald M. (2020). The environmental footprint of natural gas transportation: LNG vs. Pipeline. Economics of Energy & Environmental Policy. ISSN 2160-5882. 9(1), s. 1–19. doi: 10.5547/2160-5890.8.2.ksha. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv Vis sammendrag

  Emissions to air from the production and transportation of natural gas is an important aspect of the decision making regarding the new infrastructure development in the offshore natural gas sector. In this study, we estimate the emissions of CO2, NOx, nmVOC and CH4 from extraction, processing and transportation of a unit of dry natural gas from the continental shelf of Norway to consumer markets; and compare the resulting emission intensities of the pipeline value chains, where natural gas is transported in gaseous form, with the LNG (liquefied natural gas) chains, where natural gas is liquefied and shipped by LNG carriers. The analysis substantiates the environmental superiority of pipeline chains over LNG-based chains. However, the comparative analysis of ten pipeline chains highlights the variability of the environmental performance of different chain configurations. The isolated analysis of the transportation segment of the value chains also confirms the superiority of the pipeline transportation over LNG. Keywords: natural gas, emissions to air, pipeline transportation, LNG

• Lin, Ning; Hjelle, Harald M. & Bergqvist, Rickard (2020). The impact of an upstream buyer consolidation and downstream intermodal rail-based solution on logistics cost in the China-Europe container trades. Case Studies on Transport Policy. ISSN 2213-624X. 8(3), s. 1073–1086. doi: 10.1016/j.cstp.2020.03.003. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv Vis sammendrag

  In the typical structure of the supply chains associated with the Asia-Europe container trade, containers are stuffed in China, and the cargo is subsequently cross-docked at a major European logistics hub or a distribution centre closer to the customer for further distribution to the final retailing points. However, this solution may not be optimal in the perspective of total logistics cost. Upstream buyer consolidation at the origin and a downstream rail-based intermodal system at the destination has been regarded as a potential solution for reducing the costs of supply chains. The purpose of this study is to identify the benefits of this potential solution. This research is based on a case study obtained from a Swedish retailer with a chain of retailing points in Scandinavia and Poland. A comparative analysis is used to reveal the cost advantage of the alternative solution. Our findings suggest that this alternative solution may reduce monetary logistics cost from two aspects: converting LCL shipments to FCL shipments and converting almost full 20-foot FCL shipments to 40-foot FCL shipments. In addition, certain non-monetary benefits of buyer consolidation, including reduced possibility of delay, reduced complexity, reduced carbon emissions and reduced activities in the destination countries, are illustrated in this paper. Based on our calculation, the cost-saving potential of the new alternative solution illustrated in this case study is considerable, which suggests that such solutions might be desirable as an alternative to the typical arrangements in this trade. Keywords: Upstream buyer consolidation; Rail-based intermodal system; Asia-Europe container supply chains; Monetary benefits; Non-monetary benefits.

• Svindland, Morten & Hjelle, Harald M. (2019). The comparative CO<inf>2</inf> efficiency of short sea container transport. Transportation Research Part D: Transport and Environment. ISSN 1361-9209. 77, s. 11–20. doi: 10.1016/j.trd.2019.08.025. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv Vis sammendrag

  European transport policies have over the last decades advocated the CO2 efficiency of maritime transport relative to road haulage, and consequently, shipping reaping the benefits of being considered the green mode of freight transport. To date, research focusing on CO2 emissions from ships has to a great extent followed a modeling approach, based on a set of more or less well-founded assumptions. Yet these presumptions raise questions regarding the reliability of the emission results presented and the foundation of which transport policies are built upon. In an attempt to broaden the discussion, this paper presents CO2 emissions that have been calculated based on data from actual container feeder operations in Europe over a full year of service. Through the development of origin-destination matrices representing these real container flows, a mode-comparative analysis of CO2 efficiency is undertaken by constructing a counterfactual road transport alternative serving the same market. Although the results generally corroborate the environmental superiority of short sea container shipping with respect to CO2 efficiency, the comparative edge seems to be marginal in some scenarios. Thus, highlighting the need for shipping services to obtain a fairly high capacity utilization in order to still represent the green mode of transport in terms of CO2 emissions. Keywords: CO2 efficiency,short sea container transport, road transport

• Svindland, Morten; Monios, Jason & Hjelle, Harald M. (2019). Port rationalization and the evolution of regional port systems : the case of Norway. Maritime Policy & Management. ISSN 0308-8839. 46(5), s. 613–629. doi: 10.1080/03088839.2019.1574988. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv Vis sammendrag

  This paper explores container port system evolution and port choice from the perspective of a regional or secondary (feeder and short sea) system. Theory predicts that large-scale container port systems tend towards concentration, rationalizing the number of ports, followed by deconcentration. By contrast, regional port systems remain under-researched. Such systems tend to retain their large number of small ports, as the alternative would be serving their long coastlines, small islands and sparse populations by long overland routes or not at all. Norway is a classic feeder and short sea market with a long coastline and dispersed population served by many small ports. The methodology utilizes concentration analysis and semi-structured interviews to explore if the Norwegian system conforms to theories of port concentration and port choice, including issues of regional port governance. Findings show that the Norwegian system demonstrates the same process of concentration and then deconcentration as major port ranges. However, its number of ports has not been rationalized, suggesting that such regional systems may indeed evolve differently to major port ranges. Nevertheless, ongoing discussion of reform in Norway towards regional port governance, similar to other European countries, may eventually result in such rationalization. Keywords: short sea shipping (SSS), port choice, container port systems, shipping lines, feeder ports, secondary ports, regional ports

• Jensen, Arne K; Bergqvist, Rickard Y; Hjelle, Harald M. & Lekakou, Maria B. (2016). The perception and image of shipping. WMU Journal of Maritime Affairs (JoMA). ISSN 1651-436X. 15(1), s. 41–78. doi: 10.1007/s13437-015-0077-1. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv Vis sammendrag

  The image of the shipping industry plays a vital role in developing maritime transport as a major future, sustainable transport alternative. In particular, it is crucial to understand the image the shipping industry has among young people and the anatomy of the concept in order to be able to effectively promote careers in shipping, to cultivate shipping as an attractive labour market and to develop attractive educational programmes. The focus of this paper is the image of the shipping industry. This study reports on the findings of a large-scale survey of the image of shipping- and image-related concepts among upper secondary school pupils in Sweden, Norway and Greece. We define and analyse empirically by means of multivariate statistical analysis the anatomy of the image concept. We identify various image dimensions, estimate how young people rate the shipping industry along these dimensions and estimate their relative importance to young people who are planning their future careers. The results from this study can be used as a base for describing and explaining the images that young people have of the shipping industry. Such knowledge is fundamental for deriving and developing constructive strategies to promote careers in shipping, to adapt shipping to the expectations of young people and to develop creative and relevant educational programmes. Finally, understanding the image of shipping among young people is important not only for the shipping industry, but for other stakeholders as well, such as ship-owners associations, trade associations, labour unions, transport authorities and administrations and policy makers at the national and supra-national level.

• Lu, X.C. & Hjelle, Harald M. (2016). A new model for evaluating the volume of laptop spare parts depending on users’ intentions related to laptop use time. International Journal of Simulation Modelling. ISSN 1726-4529. 15(1), s. 181–193. doi: 10.2507/IJSIMM15(1)CO5. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Lin, Ning; Hjelle, Harald M.; Cullinane, Kevin; Bergqvist, Rickard Y; Eidhammer, Olav & Wang, Yuhong [Vis alle 8 forfattere av denne artikkelen] (2016). Potential solutions to upstream buyer consolidation in the China-Europe container trades : An exploratory study. I Zhang, Runtong; Zhang, Juliang; Hensher, David; Fu, Xiaowen; Hua, Guowei & Tang, Mincong (Red.), International Conference on Logistics, Informatics and Service Sciences (LISS 2016) : Proceeding. IEEE (Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers). ISSN 9781509011018. s. 1–11. doi: 10.1109/LISS.2016.7854484. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv Vis sammendrag

  The Asia-Europe container trade is the most important trade in the world in terms of volumes transported (overtaking the Trans-Pacific trade in 2014). The typical structure of the supply chains associated with this trade is that containers are stuffed in China and the cargo is subsequently cross-docked at a major European logistics hub or closer to the customer, for further shipment to the final retailing point. This may be one of the reasons why short sea container shipping has only a limited market share of intra-European cargo flows, since once the cargo is unloaded from containers, it is more likely to be forwarded by land-based modes of transport. Paving the way for a greater proportion of cargo being cross-docked in China rather than Europe, may prove to be more cost-efficient and less environmentally damaging than the typical solution. This paper discusses the strengths and weaknesses of the typical solution and alternative solutions such as buyers' consolidation and concludes that new alternative solutions are worth investigating further. The potential for shifting from the typical solution to new alternatives is dependent on the identification of key decision makers in the design of these supply chains. As such, a careful analysis of this must be undertaken and the capability of Logistics service providers (LSPs) in China assessed.

• Hjelle, Harald M. (2015). Pollution or poor competitiveness - Short sea shipping between the devil and the deep blue sea? Early impacts of the new SECA regime for maritime transport. I Jæger, Bjørn (Red.), NOFOMA 2015 : Post Conference Proceedings, Molde, 3-5 June 2015, Nordic Logistics Research Network. Nordic Logistics Research Network. ISSN 9788279622079. s. 95–111. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv Vis sammendrag

  The purpose of this paper is to review anticipated and early impacts of the Marpol SECA regime for the reduction of sulphur emissions from maritime transport in North Europe. Seven main categories of anticipated impacts were identified; that there will be higher operating costs, higher freight rates, loss of short sea market shares, loss of competitiveness for importing and exporting industries, and that most operators will switch to low sulphur fuels and some operators will choose to avoid SECA areas, and, finally, that investments in LNG propelled newbuildings/retrofits and scrubber systems will increase. Anticipated increases in fuel costs have, to a large extent, been counteracted by the general fall in crude oil prices. Keywords: Maritime transport; Sulphur emissions; SECA; Marpol; Short Sea Shipping.

• Jæger, Bjørn & Hjelle, Harald M. (2015). Handling multi-party complexities in container flows in the upstream oil and gas supply Chain : potential lessons for an application to intercontinental container supply chains. I ., IEEE (Red.), The 3rd International Conference on Transportation Information and Safety ICTIS), June 25 – June 28 2015, Wuhan, China. IEEE (Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers). ISSN 9781479986934. s. 661–668. doi: 10.1109/ICTIS.2015.7232128. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv Vis sammendrag

  The LogisticsHub is an event tracking solution to manage information of cargo carrying units (CCUs) and their content along the upstream oil and gas supply chain. The main objective is to facilitate the best possible flow of information between the companies in the oil and gas sector related to offshore upstream oil exploration and production activities. The LogisticsHub uses the EPCIS (Electronic Product Code Information Service) standard by GS1 for tracking events and for creating dashboard applications accessing the data. In the first version the focus is on tracking CCUs (cargo container units), while in the second version also the content of the containers will be tracked. The increased visibility enables enhanced performance of actors along the chain. In this paper we show how the overall complexity of multi-party information flows is reduced by the introduction of hubs, and how this contribute to improve performance of the supply chain as a whole and for each actor. Each actor in the supply chain generates tracking data into the LogisticsHub in a push fashion. The data enables the parties to evaluate their performance based on actual location data, and enhances the resilience of the supply chain. Based on lessons from the early stages of the EPIM LogisticsHub solution we evaluate the relevance of this design in a more general intercontinental container supply chain setting. The LogisticsHub solution is contrasted with the data pipeline concept being based on a pull approach to gather tracking data. The data pipeline has been developed under the recent EU-funded Cassandra project.

• Hjelle, Harald M. (2014). Atmospheric Emissions of Short Sea Shipping Compared to Road Transport Through the Peaks and Troughs of Short-Term Market Cycles. Transport reviews. ISSN 0144-1647. 34(3), s. 379–395. doi: 10.1080/01441647.2014.905649. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv Vis sammendrag

  The comparative superiority of shipping services with respect to atmospheric emissions per ton-km is beyond debate in the case of deep sea and bulk operations. The case for short sea shipping in a setting with small consignments and frequent port-calls needs to be demonstrated relative to road transport alternatives, in particular when cargo markets are fluctuating. The empirical part of this article is based on detailed shipment-level data from a current European short sea operation and data from engine reports on actual fuel consumption. The dataset enables the construction of a high-quality origin–destination matrix of pallet-based shipments. A contrafactual case of an alternative trucking operation serving this comprehensive set of shipments is constructed, and CO2 equivalent emissions to air are calculated and analysed under different scenarios. This comparative analysis illustrates just how efficient a modern short sea shipping operation needs to be in order to compete with road transport with respect to air emissions. The analysis suggests that such a pallet-based short sea shipping operation may be superior to trucking alternatives when it comes to carbon emissions under given circumstances, but not always.

• Hjelle, Harald M. (2012). The Comparative Environmental Performance of Freight Transport Chains – why do the models provide different answers? Proceedings : European Transport Conference. ISSN 1474-9122. s. 1–43. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Möller, Dietmar P.F.; Blümm, Clara; Hjelle, Harald M. & Pawlik, Thomas (2012). A simulation based analysis in offshore wind energy technology and services. I Crosbie, Roy; Vakilzadian, Hamid; Ericsen, Terry & Huntsinger, Ralph (Red.), Grand Challenges in Modeling and Simulation Symposium 2012 (GCMS 2012). Curran Associates, Inc.. ISSN 9781618399830. s. 51–55. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv Vis sammendrag

  The development of offshore wind energy in Northern European counties is based on about 20 implemented projects. At the end of 2020 it is expected to reach 7 Giga Watt (GW) in Europe. Today the market for on-shore wind turbines exceeds the offshore market in the EU but this will change. For offshore systems at first the right location in the sea bed has to be determined, thereafter the respective tripods and/or jackets are set depending in the depth of the water. If this has been finished the housing, the generators engines and the rotor blades are assembled. Due to rough environmen-tal conditions offshore systems are highly stressed. To analyze the impact of the rough environment on off-shore wind energy systems a physical mock up simula-tion environment based on a specific climate chamber can be used and/or the computational modeling and simulation approach with which different scenarios can be modeled and analyzed due to different environmen-tal conditions for a long term period perspective.

• Hjelle, Harald Martin (2011). The double load factor problem of Ro- Ro shipping. Maritime Policy & Management. ISSN 0308-8839. 38(3), s. 235–249. doi: 10.1080/03088839.2011.572697. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv Vis sammendrag

  Maritime transport is regarded the most environmentally friendly mode of transport in many policy papers and has received a lot of government support for moving cargo transports from road to sea. Most assessments of energy use and related carbon emissions in mode-choice settings have been based on energy use per deadweight tonnage figures for the maritime modes; thus, giving a very favourable picture for the sea-based alternatives. Whereas this may be relevant for bulk shipping, the situation is quite different for Ro-Ro shipping—which is the most relevant alternative for intra-continental transports. Through representation of a number of realistic intra-European multi-modal trade links, with different mixes of modes of transport—energy use and emissions from these various chains are presented. The outcome of this case study is not very favourable for the maritime transport alternatives. This could partly be attributed to the very different regulatory environments these sectors have been subject to, and partly to ‘the double load factor problem’ of Ro-Ro shipping. Half-full trailers on half-full decks may very well jeopardize the comparative advantage of maritime transport alternatives.

• Hjelle, Harald Martin (2010). Short Sea Shipping's Green Label at Risk. Transport reviews. ISSN 0144-1647. 30(5), s. 617–640. doi: 10.1080/01441640903289849. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv Vis sammendrag

  Shifting cargo from land-based modes to maritime transport has been a prioritized policy in many policy papers to make transport more environmental friendly. Traditional calculations of emissions per transport capacity unit have supported this. However, maritime transport may stand to loose its good environmental reputation in comparison to road transport due to (1) the sluggish processes in maritime environmental policies and the low ambition level of current regulations, (2) the much higher focus on improving the environmental efficiency of the road haulage industry, (3) the much longer economic life of vessels compared to trucks, and (4) focus on faster vessels that increase the average fuel consumption of the sea transport alternative. Through a realistic case study, the energy efficiency and emissions of alternative multimodal transport chains is presented to illustrate these points.

• Hjelle, Harald Martin (2007). A model for estimating road wear on in-service roads. International Journal of Pavement Engineering. ISSN 1029-8436. 8(3), s. 237–244. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv Vis sammendrag

  This article presents a new approach to estimating road wear, where the observation units are in-service roads of the Norwegian national road network, operating under normal traffic conditions. Since the early 1990s, Norway has deployed automatic traffic control units along its national roads. These units can, by a simple modification, be used as weigh-in-motion devices. This makes collecting axle load data from a relatively large number of observation sites cost effective. The new data from weighing vehicles in motion, and from the regular monitoring of the road surface, enable a new approach to modelling road wear developments. A first rutting model is developed based on these data, and the results obtained from it, suggest that Norwegian national roads may be so solid that there is no significant marginal impact from heavy axle loads. Total annual marginal road wear costs based on these estimates appear to be significantly lower than anticipated.

Se alle arbeider i NVA

• Hjelle, Harald Martin (2010). A foundation of road user charges : a theoretical and empirical basis for socially efficient road user charges, with main emphasis on heavy goods vehicles. VDM Verlag Dr. Müller Aktiengesellschaft & Co. KG. ISBN 9783639311815. 241 s. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv

Se alle arbeider i NVA

• Hjelle, Harald M. (2026). Elektrisk godstransport på veg – største revolusjon siden containeren? Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Lin, Ning & Hjelle, Harald M. (2025). Reconfiguration of containerized Asia-Europe supply chain - The impact of upstream consolidation. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv Vis sammendrag

  In China-Europe retailing supply chains, certain early movers have started to adopt a new solution characterized by upstream store-level consolidation, in which cargo is consolidated at the origin country based on the cargo-flows destined for each retailing point in order to bypass the buyer’s distribution centre in the destination country and deliver cargo to stores directly through a nearby seaport. This solution may facilitate benefits in terms of cost-savings and better due date performance than the traditional solutions where sea containers are stuffed at the location of the manufacturer in China for full container load shipments, or are commercially consolidated close to the port of loading for less than container load shipments. After the international sea leg in these traditional solutions, de-/reconsolidation for onward movement to the final destination is typically conducted at consolidation centres in the destination countries. To evaluate the potential attractiveness of these new solutions one needs to address important factors, such as financial performance, due date performance and adaptability from a retailer perspective. This paper aims to propose a cost model framework which facilitates decision-making related to such alternative supply chain solutions. These models developed in this paper consider the logistics cost, capital binding cost of in-transit inventory and the value of transport time variability. The models are applied to the new solution and the traditional solutions for comparative analysis. In addition, a set of sensitivity analyses are conducted based on five selected factors to identify the performance of the studied solutions under various scenarios. Our findings reveal that the new solution has the potential to be a perfect complement to the traditional solutions under suitable occasions.

• Hjelle, Harald Martin (2024). Sjø, veg og miljø - står gamle sannheter for fall? Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Hjelle, Harald M. (2023). Klimaregnskapet for reisen til den nye buksa di Spiller det noen rolle om den neste buksa di reiser med bil eller båt? Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Hjelle, Harald M. (2022). Å navigere på shopping-havet Spiller det noen rolle om den neste buksa di reiser med bil eller båt? Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Hjelle, Harald M.; Stene, Corinna; Stene, Kjell Petter & Hovde, Katharina (2022). Kritiserer kommunen: Dette er vondt. [Journal]. Romsdals Budstikke. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Hjelle, Harald M. (2021). Slik endrer konteinerkrisa prisen på årets julegaver. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Hjelle, Harald M. & Bråthen, Svein (2021). Nullutslipp og selvkjøring : hvor går persontransportpolitikken? s. 22–23. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Hjelle, Harald Martin (2021). Nullutslipp: Står sjøveien for fall? s. 8–9. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Haugen, Kjetil K.; Bøyum-Folkeseth, Linda; Hansson, Lisa; Halse, Lise Lillebrygfjeld; Guvåg, Bjørn & Vik, Erlend [Vis alle 8 forfattere av denne artikkelen] (2019). Fra toppen av Haugen : Linda tok gullet! Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Hjelle, Harald M. (2018). Kostnads- og miljøgevinster ved smarte logistikkløsninger i Kina-Skandinavia-logistikken. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Halvorsen, Hanne Schander; Lauritzen, Kai Erik & Hjelle, Harald M. (2018). Vil kineserne satse på Raumabanen? s. 42–42. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Lin, Ning & Hjelle, Harald M. (2017). CO2 EMISSIONS MITAGATION POTENTIAL OF BUYER CONSOLIDATION ACTIVITY AND RAIL-BASED INTERMODAL TRANSPORT IN THE CHINA-EUROPE CONTAINER SUPPLY CHAINS. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Lin, Ning; Hjelle, Harald M. & Bergqvist, Rickard Y (2017). Cost Saving Potential of Upstream Buyer Consolidation and Downstream Intermodal Rail-based Solutions in the China-Europe Container Trades. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Hjelle, Harald M. (2017). Hvilken godstransport er mest miljøvennlig? Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Hjelle, Harald M. (2016). Hvilken godstransportform er mest miljøvennlig? Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Vingen, Anita & Hjelle, Harald M. (2016). Skoas reise og klimaavtrykk. Høgskolen i Molde forskar på potensialet for meir klimagunstig sjøkontainarfrakt for langreiste varer. [Journal]. Romsdals Budstikke. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Lin, Ning; Hjelle, Harald M.; Cullinane, Kevin; Eidhammer, Olav; Bergqvist, Rickard Y & Wang, Yuhong [Vis alle 8 forfattere av denne artikkelen] (2016). Upstream Buyer Consolidation and Downstream Short Sea Shipping in the Asia-Europe Sea Container Supply Chain – An Exploratory Study. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Hjelle, Harald M. (2016). Dine skos miljøfotavtrykk kan bli mindre. s. 38–39. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Lin, Ning; Hjelle, Harald M.; Cullinane, Kevin; Bergqvist, Rickard Y; Eidhammer, Olav & Wang, Yuhong [Vis alle 8 forfattere av denne artikkelen] (2016). Potential Solutions to Upstream Buyer Consolidation in the China-Europe Container Trades. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Svindland, Morten; Monios, Jason & Hjelle, Harald M. (2016). Port Choice and the Evolution of Feeder Systems: the Case of Norway. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Shaton, Katerina; Hervik, Arild & Hjelle, Harald M. (2016). Environmental Footprint of Gas Transportation: LNG vs. Pipeline. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Hjelle, Harald M. (2016). Upresis diagnose gir feil medisin? Romsdals Budstikke.. ISSN 0806-5160. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Hjelle, Harald M. & Bråthen, Svein (2015). Båt er ofte best, men laksen kjører lastebil. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Hjelle, Harald M.; Hoseth, Jan Arve & Langva, Nils Erik (2015). Varestrømmer fra Kina kan gi mer gods på kjøl. [Journal]. Logistikk & Ledelse. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Hjelle, Harald M. (2015). ”Fra dampbåt til Møreaksen” – utvikling i lokal samferdsel etter krigen. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Hjelle, Harald M. (2015). Pollution or poor competitiveness - Short sea shipping between the devil and the deep blue sea? Early impacts of the new SECA regime for maritime transport. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Svindland, Morten & Hjelle, Harald M. (2014). The Comparative CO2 efficiency of short sea container transports. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Hjelle, Harald M. (2014). Perceptions of shipping and strategies for improving its image. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Hjelle, Harald M. (2014). Inne i 17-åringens hode? Sjøfartens image og sjøfarten som karriereveg. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Hjelle, Harald M. & Ludt, Øyvind (2013). Gir logistikk-undervisning på YouTube. [Internet]. www.mtlogistikk.no. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Hjelle, Harald M. (2013). The comparative GHG intensity performance of short sea shipping vs. road transport through the Peaks and troughs of market cycles. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Jensen, Arne; Bergqvist, Rickard; Hjelle, Harald M. & Lekakou, Maria B. (2013). The image of shipping – perceptions of pupils in upper secondary schools in Sweden, Norway, and Greece. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Hjelle, Harald M. (2013). Grønn logistikk, hva er det? Hovedfokus på sjøfartens og veitransportens miljøegenskaper. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Hjelle, Harald M. (2013). Hvilken godstransportform er mest miljøvennlig? Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Möller, Dietmar P. F.; Blümm, Clara; Hjelle, Harald M. & Pawlik, Thomas (2012). A simulation based analysis in offshore wind energy technology and services. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv Vis sammendrag

  The development of offshore wind energy in Northern European counties is based on about 20 implemented projects. At the end of 2020 it is expected to reach 7 Giga Watt (GW) in Europe. Today the market for on-shore wind turbines exceeds the offshore market in the EU but this will change. For offshore systems at first the right location in the sea bed has to be determined, thereafter the respective tripods and/or jackets are set depending in the depth of the water. If this has been finished the housing, the generators engines and the rotor blades are assembled. Due to rough environmen-tal conditions offshore systems are highly stressed. To analyze the impact of the rough environment on off-shore wind energy systems a physical mock up simula-tion environment based on a specific climate chamber can be used and/or the computational modeling and simulation approach with which different scenarios can be modeled and analyzed due to different environmental conditions for a long term period perspective.

• Hjelle, Harald M. (2012). The comparative environmental performance of freight transport chains – why do the models provide different answers? Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Hjelle, Harald M. (2012). Kompetanse avgjørende i tøffe tider. Logistikk Nettverk. s. 24–25. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Hjelle, Harald M. (2012). Do recruitment initiatives of the maritime industry communicate well with generation Y? Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Hjelle, Harald M. & Fridell, Erik (2012). When is Short Sea Shipping Environmentally Competitive? I Oosthuizen, Jacques (Red.), Environmental Health - Emerging Issues and Practice. IntechOpen. ISSN 9789533078540. s. 3–20. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Hjelle, Harald M. (2012). Om å undervise voksne som vil lære noe nytt. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Bø, Ola & Hjelle, Harald Martin (2011). The coming of age of RFID in the supply network : a comparative case study. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv Vis sammendrag

  The two main categories of Automatic Identification (AutoID) technologies are bar codes and Radio Frequency Identification (RFID). Bar codes have been used in supply chains since the seventies and the newer application of bar codes for keeping track of goods is ubiquitous in the courier and postal services. RFID is widely regarded as a more promising technology than bar-codes, with many distinguishing features potentially enabling more effective and efficient logistics. In spite of all the interest in RFID technology apparent in the considerable literature treating it, studies covering full implementations of RFID in real supply chains are still quite scarce. This means that there is a need for studies that evaluate whether the RFID technology lives up to the high expectations in a full scale implementation setting. Identifying typical implementation problems of AutoID technologies applied to supply chains and and proposing strategies for soliving them should be based on studies like this. In particular studies comparing implementation experiences from projects using RFID with corresponding experiences from implementation of bar codes would be of interest to supply chain managers when making the crucial decisions on what technology to embrace. This paper reports on an exploratory case study comparing two real world cases where the two competing AutoID technologies are being implemented in large scale track and trace systems in the supply chain: one case using RFID and another case using bar codes to identify logistics units in the upstream supply network for fish. The goal of the study is to answer the following research questions: 1) How does RFID fare when compared to the expectations and to the competing bar code technology, 2) What are the most important features of RFID for track and trace, and 3) What were the problems encountered during full scale implementation, and the corresponding solution strategies employed. Based on interviews, document analysis and participant observation, our findings are: 1) That RFID has a number of advantages in supply chain AutoID applications, but that bar codes might prove a better choice in some situations, and especially in supply chains with a low degree of control over upstream actors and hence a low degree of standardization. 2) That only a small proportion of the distinguishing features of RFID were actually used in the project studied. 3) That goods identification might be a smaller problem than the electronic exchange of information about the goods, and that using RFID as a data carrier might not be the solution to that problem. 4) That it is possible to successfully implement AutoID-based track and trace systems even in loosely coupled logistics networks, but that such implementation requires long term, well managed efforts.

• Hjelle, Harald M. (2011). Miljøegenskaper ved uike transportløsninger - noen betraktninger ut fra konkrete case. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Hjelle, Harald Martin (2011). The comparative environmental performance of a modern short sea pallet liner operation with multiple port calls. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv Vis sammendrag

  Although the comparative environmental superiority of shipping services is beyond debate in the case of deep sea and bulk operations, the case for short sea shipping in a setting with small consignments and frequent port calls needs to be demonstrated relative to road transport alternatives. Although there is a relatively rich literature dealing with more general issues related to the environmental performance of shipping, the available empirical evidence, actually demonstrating how a modern maritime operation of this kind performs versus truck transport, is scarce. This article is based on detailed shipment level data from a current European operation combined with related data for fuel consumption and fuel types. The dataset enables the construction of a high quality origin-destination matrix of pallet-based shipments. Based on this matrix a comparative analysis of realistic scenarios comprising different land based and sea-based alternatives is conducted. The alternative scenarios illustrate how efficient such a maritime operation needs to be to constitute a greener mode of transport compared to the road alternatives. Maximizing the effective round-trip load factor in a multi-port setting like this is one of the key challenges of the maritime transport provider. The data suggest that realistic pallet-based short sea shipping operations may be superior to trucking alternatives when it comes to carbon emissions under given circumstances.

• Hjelle, Harald Martin (2011). Deltar i stort EU-prosjekt. [Journal]. Romsdals Budstikke. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Hjelle, Harald Martin (2010). The environmental performance of alternative modes of freight transport. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv Vis sammendrag

  The old truth that maritime transport is the green mode may be challenged when applying realistic load factors for ro-ro shipping - and comparing it to modern road transport alternatives. Case study results and discussion of sector developments, policies and future potential for improvements.

• Hjelle, Harald Martin (2010). Midt-Norge ikke nok. [Journal]. Romsdals Budstikke - Næring, s. 10-11. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Hjelle, Harald Martin (2010). Pluss 10 mill. : budsjettstemning på Høgskolen i Molde. [Journal]. Romsdals Budstikke, s. 8. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Hjelle, Harald M. (2010). The double load factor problem of ro-ro shipping. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Hjelle, Harald M. & Fridell, Erik (2010). When is short sea shipping environmentally competitive? Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Hjelle, Harald Martin (2009). Hvilken godstransportform er mest miljøvennlig? Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Bø, Ola & Hjelle, Harald Martin (2009). Mapping information streams for TPL coordination. I Hertz, Susanne (Red.), 21st Annual NOFOMA Conference : Proceedings / editor: Susanne Hertz. Jönköping International Business School. ISSN 9789186345013. s. 111–127. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv Vis sammendrag

  Purpose of this paper: Report results from research in a complex and dynamic TPL based supply network on the information streams used to coordinate logistics activities involving a substantial number of stakeholders, high uncertainty and narrow time windows. Design/methodology/approach: Explorative Case Study using observation, interviews and documents from the respective organizations. Findings: To handle the complexity, dynamicity, uncertainty, and time windows, personnel at different locations are involved in planning and re-planning activities where much labor is spent obtaining, corroborating and interpreting information from and in negotiation with multiple stakeholders. Low information stream quality, for example ambiguous, erroneous, stale or even unavailable information leads to several forms of waste. Research limitations/implications (if applicable): Research only covers one TPL-TPL dyad. Practical implications (if applicable): Informating the supply network to make rich, real time information sharing available can eliminate waste and make life easier for the personnel involved. A limited initiative for doing this is being implemented, and will probably improve the situation in some areas, but there are several barriers to further improvements. paper: Mapping information streams in a multi stakeholder TPL to TPL scenario What is original/value of paper: Mapping information streams in a multi stakeholder TPL to TPL scenario and showing how wastes can be caused by deficient information quality.

• Bø, Ola & Hjelle, Harald Martin (2009). Mapping information streams for TPL coordination. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Bråthen, Svein; Hervik, Arild & Hjelle, Harald Martin (2008). Høyhastighet i Norge - en sporvogn til besvær? Del II. 166(02.06.2008), s. 31–31. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Bråthen, Svein; Hervik, Arild & Hjelle, Harald Martin (2008). Høyhastighet i Norge - en sporvogn til besvær? Del I. 166(31.05.2008), s. 56–56. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Hjelle, Harald Martin; Hervik, Arild & Bråthen, Svein (2008). En sporvogn til besvær? 126(30.04.2008). Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Hjelle, Harald Martin (2008). Road pricing - with European cases. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv Vis sammendrag

  A brief introduction to road pricing theory and recent European experiences. German and Swiss HGV toll. London Congestion Charging Scheme. Stockholm Congestion Pricing trial and implementation.

• Hjelle, Harald Martin (2008). Samferdselens eksterne kostnader. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Hjelle, Harald Martin (2008). Kan sjøtransporten tilfredsstille kravene til moderne logistikk? Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Olsen, Kai A. & Hjelle, Harald Martin (2007). Den siste sjåfør. 141(27.07.2007). Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Hjelle, Harald Martin (2007). Logistikktrender og sjøtransport - hummer og kanari? Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Olsen, Kai A. & Hjelle, Harald Martin (2007). Smarte biler som klarer seg selv. Samferdsel. ISSN 0332-8988. 46(4), s. 20–21. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Hjelle, Harald Martin (2007). Samferdselens eksterne kostnader. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Hjelle, Harald Martin (2006). A level playing field for short sea transport providers? A comparative analysis of costs and user charges for short sea and land based transport solutions. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Hjelle, Harald Martin (2006). Master i samferdsel : nytt utdanningstilbud. [Journal]. Transportforum (5-2006). Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Hjelle, Harald Martin (2006). Samarbeid i Norges ledende logistikkmiljø : Timpex og Høgskolen i Molde. [Journal]. Timpex - Transportstyring (1-2006). Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Hjelle, Harald Martin (2006). A level playing field for short sea transport providers? : a comparative analysis of costs and user charges for short sea and land based transport solutions. I AET, London (Red.), Proceedings of the European Transport Conference 2006, Strasbourg 18-20. sept. 2006. Association for European Transport (AET). Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Hjelle, Harald Martin (2006). Shipping & Logistics. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Hjelle, Harald Martin (2006). Marginalkostnadsprising for sjøtransport - status og forskningsmessige utfordringer. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Huse, Adrian Moe & Hjelle, Harald M. (2025). Strategic investment decisions for environmental compliance for seaway7: A comparative analysis of newbuilding, conversion/retrofits, and secondhand market options. Høgskolen i Molde - Vitenskapelig høgskole i logistikk. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Guignard, Kevan & Hjelle, Harald M. (2025). Feasibility of battery electric trucks for long-distance freight transport in Europe: A comparative case study between Norway and France. Høgskolen i Molde - Vitenskapelig høgskole i logistikk. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Hjelle, Harald M. & Fridell, Erik (2024). Freight transport modal split and environmental performance revisited. Høgskolen i Molde - Vitenskapelig høgskole i logistikk. ISSN 9788279623724. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv Vis sammendrag

  This paper revisits the comparative environmental performance of European freight transport modes. Ten years ago, we analyzed how exhaust emissions per unit of transport work compared for different modes of freight transport. In this paper we present calculations for a 2020 and a 2030 scenario. Compared to our original analysis, it seems that all modes have become significantly more environmental-friendly over the last decade, and that this development is likely to continue within the current decade. The most prominent deviation from our original study is the very high emissions from Roll-on-Roll-off shipping, which are estimated to be higher than that or the road transport alternative. Based on our analysis, we discuss future perspectives on the environmental competitiveness of transport modes.

• Hjelle, Harald M.; Lin, Ning; Bergqvist, Rickard Y; Eidhammer, Olav; Mangan, John & Yang, Zaili [Vis alle 8 forfattere av denne artikkelen] (2019). Alternative supply chain designs for containerized cargo from China to peripheral regions in Europe : final report of the SeaConAZ project. Møreforsking Molde AS. ISSN 9788278303177. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv Vis sammendrag

  The Asia-Europe container trade is second only to the trans-Pacific trade in terms of volume transported. In the typical structure of the supply chains associated with the Asia to Europe inbound container trade, containers are stuffed in China, and the cargo is subsequently cross-docked at a major European logistics hub or a distribution center closer to the customer for further distribution to the final retailing points. However, this solution may not be optimal from the perspective of total logistics cost and CO2 emissions. Upstream buyer consolidation at the origin and/or a downstream intermodal system at the destination have been regarded as potential solutions that improve the performance of supply chains under certain circumstances. The present research identifies new supply chain solutions in sea-based China-Europe cargo flows. Based on the identified new solutions, the performance of potential solutions in terms of logistics cost and CO2 emissions can be compared with those of more traditional solutions, thus revealing under which circumstances the new solutions may be preferable. The core of this research is based on case studies obtained from Scandinavian chain retailers as well as a large number of interviews with central actors in the China-Europe trades, with particular focus on cargo-flows destined for peripheral regions of Europe, represented by Scandinavia and Ireland. The findings suggest that the solutions characterized by upstream buyer consolidation and a downstream rail-based or maritime feeder-based systems may have positive impacts on logistics cost and CO2 emissions. The analysis suggests that such new solutions might be desirable as an alternative to the usual arrangements in this China-Europe container trade, in particular in situations where there are limited order quantities from each vendor, there are many different vendors located within a confined geographical region in China, where total order volumes are big enough from one region in China to achieve a sufficient utilization of consolidated containers, where cargo is characterized by small units which are not palletized, where the final retailing points are far from Central-European logistics hubs, and where the majority of the importers’ cargo-flow is sourced in China.

• Hovi, Inger Beate; Bråthen, Svein; Hjelle, Harald M. & Caspersen, Elise (2014). Rammebetingelser i transport og logistikk. Transportøkonomisk institutt . ISSN 9788248015642. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Oterhals, Oddmund; Hjelle, Harald M.; Hervik, Arild & Bråthen, Svein (2012). Nyfrakt II : virkemidler for fornying av nærskipsflåten. Møreforsking. ISSN 9788278301753. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv Vis sammendrag

  I dette delprosjektet av Ny Frakt II har en faggruppe sammensatt av forskere fra Høgskolen i Molde og Møreforsking Molde vurdert noen sentrale problemstillinger knyttet til rammevilkår og avgiftsstruktur for intermodale transporter, med vekt på situasjonen for nærskipsfarten. Status og framtidig utvikling er belyst i samråd med en gruppe bransjefolk fra næring og myndigheter. Det meste av innholdet i rapporten har vært bearbeidet i form av en workshop sammen med en bredt sammensatt gruppe av fagfolk knyttet til næringen. I første del av rapporten er gjeldende avgiftsregime og incentivordninger drøftet. Det er en politisk målsetning å styrke nærskipsfarten men det er krevende å snu en utvikling der landbasert transport vinner stadig mer terreng. Det henvises til at det i nasjonal transportplanlegging nå også legges mer vekt på å integrere sjøveis transportløsninger, samt at næringsaktørene i større grad har fått til samarbeid mellom en sammensatt gruppe aktører som påvirker sjøtransportutviklingen. I rapporten diskuteres videre samfunnsøkonomiske aspekt, markedskarakteristika, incentivproblem og koordineringsutfordringer. Gode nærskipsfartsløsninger vil kreve store investeringer i infrastruktur på land – ikke minst for å utvikle effektive havneterminaler. Det er behov for å styrke koordineringsleddet mellom vareeiere som etterspør transportløsninger og tilbudssiden som tilbyr transportløsninger. Til slutt i rapporten diskuteres miljøaspektet, potensialet og utfordringene for å oppnå lavere miljøbelastning med mer sjøtransport.

• Hjelle, Harald Martin & Bø, Ola (2011). Implementering av IT‐systemer i verdikjeden for frossen fisk : sluttrapport for FIESTA‐prosjektet. Møreforsking Molde. ISSN 9788278301609. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv Vis sammendrag

  Verdikjeden for frossen fisk har stått i fokus for FIESTA‐prosjektet. I denne sluttrapporten fokuseres det på en beskrivelse av forskningsaktivitetene i prosjektet og de funn som er gjort i prosjektet knyttet til effekter av implementering av IT‐systemer i verdikjeden, samt relaterte aktiviteter. Prosjektet har vært tredelt: Første del har bestått i utviklingen av et problembasert læringsopplegg knyttet til IT‐investeringer og effektivitet i verdikjeden (FIESTA‐skolen). Andre del har vært utviklingen av nye integrerte IT‐verktøy for forbedring av effektiviteten i verdikjeden for frossen fisk. Siste del har bestått i følgeforskning knyttet til implementeringsprosesser i de deltakende bedriftene. Det har også vært gjennomført et doktorgradsarbeid knyttet til prosjektet. I studien av implementeringsprosessene har man blant annet sett at det finnes muligheter for å få til sporingsteknologiske framskritt uten at man har verdikjeder med dominerende eller spesielt sterke aktører. De strategier og virkemidler man har anvendt er analysert i prosjektet.

• Hjelle, Harald Martin & Bø, Ola (2011). Sporbarhet, RFID og frossen fisk : om potensialet til innføring av RFID‐basert sporingsteknologi i forsyningskjeden for frossen fisk  . Møreforsking. ISSN 9788278301586. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv Vis sammendrag

  I denne rapporten presenteres status på RFID-teknologiens anvendelse på områder som  er relevante for verdikjeden for frossen fisk. Denne  verdikjeden har stått i fokus for  FIESTA-prosjektet, og analysen som presenteres er basert dels på studier av hvordan  prosessene i denne verdikjeden fungerer og dels på kunnskap om RFID-systemer fra  litteratur og case-studier.  Implementeringen av RFID-løsninger i handelsnæringen har  gått mye saktere enn  forutsatt, og selv om store amerikanske aktører har  lagt mange ressurser i å få spredd  teknologien, venter en ennå på det store gjennombruddet.  I FIESTA-verdikjeden vurderes potensialet til innføringen av teknologien som størst nedstrøms  i verdikjeden, men det gjenstår ennå utprøving av  teknologien i de relevante  fysiske miljøene før en kan si noe om funksjonalitet og kostnader knyttet til  implementeringen. Mye stål i skipene,vannholdighet i  produktene og tøffe klimatiske  forhold gir ekstra store teknologiske utfordringer i denne  verdikjeden. 

• Hjelle, Harald M. (2010). FIESTA-skolen : etterutdanning tett på egen verdikjede. Møreforsking. ISSN 9788278301517. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv Vis sammendrag

  Fiesta-skolen er utviklet for at bedrifter som har logistikk som en sentral del av sin virksomhet skal kunne utvikle kompetansen til sine ansatte på en måte som oppfattes som relevant og nyttig både i relasjon til bedriftens egne strategiske målsettinger og den enkeltes arbeidsoppgaver. Pensum og undervisningsopplegg er derfor tett knyttet til en beskrivelse og analyse av egen verdikjede. I Fiesta-prosjektet er dette en verdikjede knyttet til eksport av frossen fisk, men opplegget kan med visse tilpasninger også anvendes på andre verdikjeder hvor tredjeparts logistikkaktører er sentrale, og spesielt der hvor håndtering av matvarer er sentralt. Denne rapporten presenterer innholdet i FIESTA-skolen, fakta om gjennomføringen, tilbakemeldinger fra deltakerne på opplegget, erfaringer gjort av kurslederne samt vurderinger knyttet til en videreutvikling av dette kursopplegget rettet inn mot andre relevante bedrifter.

• Herse, Øyvind & Hjelle, Harald Martin (2007). Regionale havnesamarbeidsmodeller for økt konkurransekraft? : en forstudie til en evaluering av norske regionale havnesamarbeidsmodeller. Møreforsking Molde AS. ISSN 9788278301050. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Hjelle, Harald Martin (2006). Sjøfart, marginale eksterne kostnader og avgifter : en vurdering av mulighetene for et mer effektivt avgiftsregime for sjøfarten. Møreforsking Molde. ISSN 9788278301029. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv Vis sammendrag

  Eksterne marginale kostnader knytte til sjøtransport kan generelt være knyttet til bruk av farleden, bruk av lostjenester, bruk av havnetjenester, ulykkesriski, miljøskadelige utslipp til luft og vann og eventuelle køkostnader. De studiene som finnes tyder på at det er bruk av lostjenester og miljøskadelige utslipp til luft (og evt. vann) som representerer de vesentligste kostnadskomponentene knyttet til sjøfart i Europa. Generelt ser det i liten grad ut til å være særlige køkostnader på grunn av stor kapasitet både på farleder og i havner, og det regnes som sannsynlig at de eksterne ulykkeskostnadene er små. De fleste havner har så stor kapasitet at det ikke ser ut til å oppstå vesentlige køkostnader i havnene. I Europa er det heller ikke vesentlige køkostnader knyttet til farledene. I beregningen av de marginale eksterne kostnadene knyttet til skipsfart er de skyggeprisene en anvender på miljøskadelige utslipp svært avgjørende for kostnadsestimatene. Dette er hovedårsaken til at tidligere estimater fra Transportøkonomisk Institutt og Econ spriker temmelig mye, og at internasjonale estimater også varierer mye. Om en anvender de siste skyggeprisene på utslipp til luft, hentet fra det norske LEVE-prosjektet, eller fra det europeiske HEATCO-prosjektet havner estimerte marginale kostnader for godsbåter mellom tidligere beregninger utført av TØI og Econ. Dagens norske avgiftssystem er i liten grad utformet slik at de blir marginale i den forstand at de varierer med utseilt distanse. Det er kun avgiftene knyttet til drivstoff (CO2 og svovel), og den kommende NOx-avgiften som framstår som (indirekte) avhengige av utseilt distanse. Om vi sammenligner disse marginale avgiftene med beregnede marginale kostnader for skipsfart og for godsbiler (begge utenfor tettbygde strøk) tyder det på at de marginale avgiftene dekker henholdsvis 70% for en godsbåt og mellom 83% og 95% for godsbilene. Kostnadene vil være vesentlig høyere i tettbygde strøk, både for bil og båt. Disse beregningene gjelder da norsk innenlandsk skipsfart. Internasjonal skipsfart betaler verken CO2-, svovel- eller NOx-avgift.

• Bråthen, Svein; Eriksen, Knut Sandberg; Hjelle, Harald Martin; Johansen, Steinar; Lillebakk, Leif Magne & Lyche, Lage [Vis alle 8 forfattere av denne artikkelen] (2006). Samfunnsmessige analyser innen luftfart : del 2: eksempelsamling. Møreforsking Molde AS. ISSN 9788278300930. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv Vis sammendrag

  Denne rapporten er i to bind. Den gir et grunnlag for å gjennomføre samfunnsøkonomiske analyser og ringvirkningsanalyser av luftfartstiltak. Bind 1 gir en nokså grundig innføring i teori og metode, og den gir konkrete anbefalinger knyttet til hvordan slike analyser bør gjennomføres, knyttet opp til Finansdepartementets retningslinjer. Bind 2 er en eksempelsamling der 6 eksempler dekker en vesentlig del av de tiltakstyper som vil bli gjort til gjenstand for slike analyser. Arbeidet med veilederen og eksempelsamlingen har vært et samarbeid mellom Møreforsking Molde AS og Transportøkonomisk Institutt (TØI).

• Gullberg, Bjørn Olav; Halskau, Øyvind; Hjelle, Harald Martin; Oterhals, Oddmund & Rausand, Marvin (2005). Basis for internal logistics strategy study at Nyhamn. Møreforsking Molde AS. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv Vis sammendrag

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