Eivind Wang

• Hov, Håkon; Eithun, Geir; Wang, Eivind & Helgerud, Jan (2024). Aerobic high-intensity interval training and maximal strength training in patients with unspecific musculoskeletal disorders improve V̇O<inf>2peak</inf> and maximal strength more than moderate training. European Journal of Sport Science (EJSS). ISSN 1746-1391. doi: 10.1002/ejsc.12126. Show summary

  Improving peak oxygen uptake (V̇O2peak) and maximal strength are key objectives of rehabilitation for patients with unspecific musculoskeletal disorders (MSDs). Although high-intensity training yield superior outcomes for these factors, patients with MSDs may not tolerate high-intensity due to pain and fear. Therefore, we examined the effect and feasibility of incorporating aerobic high-intensity intervals (HIITs) and maximal strength training (MST) in a standard clinical rehabilitation program for patients with unspecific MSDs. 73 patients (45 ± 10 years) with MSDs partaking in a standard, public, and 4-week rehabilitation program were randomized to high-intensity training (HG: 4 × 4 minutes intervals at ∼90% of maximal heart rate; HRmax, and 4 × 4 repetitions leg press at ∼90% of 1 repetition maximum; 1RM, with maximal intended velocity) or keep todays treatment of low-to moderate-intensity training (MG: various cycling, walking, and/or running activities at ∼70%–80% of HRmax and 3 × 8 − 10 repetitions leg press at ∼75% of 1RM without maximal intended velocity). HG improved V̇O2peak (12 ± 7%) and leg press 1RM (43 ± 34%) more than moderate-intensity group (V̇O2peak; 5 ± 6%, 1RM; 19 ± 18%, both p < 0.001). We observed that no adverse events and no between-group differences in dropout rate or self-reported quality of life (both p > 0.05). There were positive correlations between improved V̇O2peak and improved physical (p = 0.024) and emotional (0.016) role functioning. We conclude that both high-intensity interval training and MST are feasible and improve V̇O2peak and maximal strength more than standard low-to moderate-intensity treatment of patients with unspecific MSDs. Our findings suggest that high-intensity training should be implemented as a part of standard clinical care of this patient population.

• Brobakken, Mathias Forsberg; Krogsæter, Iben; Helgerud, Jan; Wang, Eivind & Hoff, Jan (2023). Abdominal aerobic endurance exercise reveals spot reduction exists : a randomized controlled trial. Physiological Reports. ISSN 2051-817X. 11(22). doi: 10.14814/phy2.15853. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  The existence of spot reduction, exercise-induced local body fat reduction, has been debated for half a century. Although the evidence is equivocal, no study has applied aerobic endurance training closely matching interventions for energy expenditure. Sixteen overweight (BMI: 29.8 ± 3.3(SD) kg m−2) males (43 ± 9 years) were randomized to: (1) abdominal endurance exercise (AG), combining treadmill running at 70% HRmax (27 min) with 4 × 4 min (30%–40% maximal strength, 1RM) of torso rotation and abdominal crunches (57 min), 4 days⋅week−1 for 10 weeks; or (2) control group (CG) performing only treadmill running (45 min) at 70% HRmax. Local fat mass was measured by dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry (DEXA), along with 1RM, and pulmonary oxygen uptake (to control energy expenditure during training). Trunk fat mass decreased more (697 g, 3%, p < 0.05) in AG (1170 ± 1093 g, 7%; p < 0.05) than in CG (no change). Total fat mass (AG: 1705 ± 1179 g, 6%; CG: 1134 ± 731 g, 5%; both p < 0.01) and body weight (AG: 1.2 ± 1.2 kg, 1%, p < 0.05; CG: 2.3 ± 0.9 kg, 3%, p < 0.01) decreased similarly in AG/CG. Torso rotation (AG: 32 ± 16 kg, 39%, p < 0.01; CG: no change) and abdominal crunch 1RM (AG: 35 ± 16 kg, 36%, p < 0.01; CG: 13 ± 12 kg, 17%, p < 0.05) increased more (p < 0.05/0.01) in AG than CG. Abdominal endurance exercise utilized more local fat than treadmill running, indicating that spot reduction exists in adult males.

• Tøien, Tiril; Lindberg Nielsen, Jakob; Berg, Ole Kristian Brones; Brobakken, Mathias Forsberg; Nyberg, Stian Kwak & Espedal, Lars [Show all 10 contributors for this article] (2023). The impact of life-long strength versus endurance training on muscle fiber morphology and phenotype composition in older men. Journal of applied physiology. ISSN 8750-7587. 135(6), p. 1360–1371. doi: 10.1152/japplphysiol.00208.2023.
• Helgerud, Jan; Hov, Håkon; Mehus, Håkon Andre; Balto, Bård; Boye, Anders Johan Nesheim & Finsås, Lars [Show all 8 contributors for this article] (2023). Aerobic high-intensity intervals improve V̇O<inf>2max</inf> more than supramaximal sprint intervals in females, similar to males. Scandinavian Journal of Medicine & Science in Sports. ISSN 0905-7188. 33(11), p. 2193–2207. doi: 10.1111/sms.14470. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  Introduction: Maximal oxygen uptake (V̇O2max) is a pivotal factor for aerobic endurance performance. Recently, aerobic high-intensity interval training (HIIT) was documented to be superior to sprint interval training (SIT) in improving V̇O2max in well-trained males. However, as mounting evidence suggests that physiological responses to training are sex-dependent, examining the effects of HIIT versus SIT on V̇O2max, anaerobic capacity, and endurance performance in females is warranted. Methods: We randomized 81 aerobically well-trained females (22 ± 2 years, 51.8 ± 3.6 mL∙kg−1∙min−1 V̇O2max), training three times weekly for 8 weeks, to well-established protocols: (1) HIIT 4 × 4 min at ~95% of maximal aerobic speed (MAS), with 3 min active recovery (2) SIT 8 × 20 s at ~150% of MAS, with 10 s passive recovery (3) SIT 10 × 30 s at ~175% of MAS, with 3.5 min active recovery. Results: Only HIIT 4 × 4 min increased V̇O2max (7.3 ± 3.1%), different from both SIT groups (all p < 0.001). Anaerobic capacity (maximal accumulated oxygen deficit) increased following SIT 8 × 20 s (6.5 ± 10.5%, p < 0.05), SIT 10 × 30 s (14.4 ± 13.7%, p < 0.05; different from HIIT 4 × 4 min, p < 0.05). SIT 10 × 30 s resulted in eight training-induced injuries, different from no injuries following HIIT 4 × 4 min and SIT 8 × 20 s (p < 0.001). All groups improved long-distance (3000-meter) and sprint (300-meter) running performance (all p < 0.001). SIT protocols improved sprint performance more than HIIT 4 × 4 min (p < 0.05). Compared to previous male results, no increase in V̇O2max following SIT 8 × 20 s (p < 0.01), and a higher injury rate for SIT 10 × 30 s (p < 0.001), were evident. Conclusions: In aerobically well-trained women, HIIT is superior to SIT in increasing V̇O2max while all-out treadmill running SIT is potentially more harmful.

• Nygård, Mona; Brobakken, Mathias Forsberg; Lydersen, Stian; Güzey, Ismail Cüneyt; Morken, Gunnar & Heggelund, Jørn [Show all 7 contributors for this article] (2023). Strength training integrated in long term collaborative care of patients with schizophrenia. Schizophrenia Research. ISSN 0920-9964. 260(October), p. 67–75. doi: 10.1016/j.schres.2023.08.017.
• Laginestra, Fabio Giuseppe; Berg, Ole Kristian; Nyberg, Stian Kwak; Venturelli, Massimo; Wang, Eivind & Helgerud, Jan (2023). Stroke volume response during prolonged exercise depends on left ventricular filling : evidence from a beta-blockade study. American Journal of Physiology. Regulatory Integrative and Comparative Physiology. ISSN 0363-6119. 325(2), p. R154–R163. doi: 10.1152/ajpregu.00293.2022. Show summary

  Prolonged moderate intensity exercise leads to a progressive upward drift in heart rate (HR) that may compromise stroke volume (SV). Alternatively, the HR drift may be related to abated SV due to impaired ventricular function. The aim of this study was to examine the effects of cardiovascular drift on left ventricular volumes and in turn SV. Thirteen healthy young males completed two 60-minute cycling bouts on a semi-recumbent cycle ergometer at 57%VO2max either under placebo condition (CON) or after ingesting a small dose of β1-blockers (BB). Measurements of HR, end-diastolic volume (EDV), and end-systolic volume were obtained by echocardiography and used to calculate SV. Other variables such as ear temperature, skin temperature, blood pressure, and blood volume were measured to assess potential changes in thermoregulatory needs and loading conditions. HR drift was successfully prevented when using BB from min10 to min60 (128±9 to 126±8bpm, p=0.29) but not in CON (134±10 to 148±10bpm, p<0.01). Conversely, during the same time, SV increased by 13% when using BB (103±9 to 116±7mL, p<0.01) while it was unchanged in CON (99±7 to 101±9mL, p=0.37). The SV behavior was mediated by a 4% increase in EDV in the BB condition (164±18 to 170±18mL, p<0.01), while no change was observed in the CON condition (162±18 to 160±18mL, p=0.23). In conclusion, blocking HR drift enhances EDV and SV during prolonged exercise. These findings suggest that SV behavior is tightly related to filling time and loading conditions of the left ventricle.

• Pedrinolla, Anna; Berg, Ole Kristian; Tøien, Tiril & Wang, Eivind (2023). Aging increases metabolic capacity and reduces work efficiency during handgrip exercise in males. Journal of applied physiology. ISSN 8750-7587. 134(5), p. 1154–1164. doi: 10.1152/japplphysiol.00411.2022. Show summary

  Maximal oxygen uptake and exercise performance typically decline with age. However, there are indications of preserved vascular function and blood flow regulation during arm exercise. Yet, it is unknown if this potential physiological preservation with age is mirrored in peripheral metabolic capacity and V̇O2/watt ratio. Thus, to investigate the effects of aging in the arms, we measured metabolic and vascular responses to 6-minute bouts of dynamic handgrip exercise at 40% and 80% of maximal work rate (WRmax) in eleven young (26±2yr) and twelve old (80±6yr) males, applying Doppler-ultrasound combined with blood samples from a deep forearm vein. At baseline, old had a larger arterial diameter compared to young (p<0.001). During exercise, the two groups reached the same WRmax. V̇O2, blood flow, and oxygen supply were higher (40%WRmax; 80%WRmax, all p<0.01), and arterio-venous oxygen-difference lower (80%WRmax, p<0.02), in old compared to young. Old also had a higher oxygen-excess at 80%WRmax (p<0.01) than young, while no difference in muscle diffusion or oxygen-extraction was detected. Only young exhibited an increase in intensity-induced arterial dilation (p<0.05), and they had a lower mean arterial pressure than old at 80%WRmax (p<0.001). V̇O2/watt (40%WRmax; 80%WRmax) was reduced in old compared to young (both p<0.05). In conclusion, in old and young males with a similar handgrip WRmax, old had a higher V̇O2 during 80%WRmax intensity, achieved by an increased blood flow. This may be a result of the available cardiac output reserve, compensating for reduced work efficiency and attenuated vascular response observed in old.

• Tøien, Tiril; Unhjem, Runar Jakobsen; Berg, Ole Kristian; Aagaard, Per & Wang, Eivind (2022). Strength versus endurance trained master athletes : contrasting neurophysiological adaptations. Experimental Gerontology. ISSN 0531-5565. 171(January), p. 1–12. doi: 10.1016/j.exger.2022.112038. Show summary

  Neural factors play a critical role in the age-related decline in maximal strength and rate of force development (RFD). However, it is uncertain how the age-related attenuation in neuromuscular function may be mitigated in strength or endurance trained master athletes. In this study we applied evoked spinal motoneuron recordings to examine descending motor drive, i.e., efferent drive from supraspinal and spinal centres during maximal voluntary contraction (MVC; V-wave) and H-reflex excitability measured at 10 % MVC in older (>65 yrs) and younger (<35 yrs) strength athletes (n = 21), endurance athletes (n = 17) and untrained control participants (n = 30). Both strength (b = 0.09 [0.01–0.18], p = 0.038) and endurance training (b = 0.14 [0.04–0.23], p = 0.006) were associated with a high V-wave amplitude. This was likely explained by an elevated H-reflex excitability (b = 0.23 [0.11–0.35], p < 0.001) in endurance trained participants, which failed to be seen in strength trained participants. These contrasting neurophysiological properties were accompanied by different physiological traits; strength training was associated with high maximal strength (b = 107.5 [84.6 to 130.4] kg, p < 0.001) and RFD (b = 3171 [2248 to 4094] N‧s−1, p < 0.001), whereas endurance training was associated with elevated maximal oxygen uptake (V̇O2max; b = 13.6 [8.0–19.2] ml‧kg−1‧min−1, p < 0.001). This pattern was apparent irrespective of age, although all traits were negatively associated with advanced age (p < 0.05). In conclusion, strength trained individuals demonstrate higher descending motor drive (elevated V-wave responses), compared to age-matched untrained individuals. Endurance trained individuals also showed elevated V-wave responses, uniquely accompanied by enhanced α-motoneuron excitability and/or reduced pre/postsynaptic inhibition (elevated H-reflex responses). Since a high descending motor drive is a key component of strong muscle contractions, strength training should be emphasized to sustain the ability to carry out force-dependent tasks at older age. Keywords: lifelong strength training, descending motor drive, spinal motoneuron excitability, maximal muscle strength, rate of force development

• Hov, Håkon; Wang, Eivind; Lim, Yi Rui; Trane, Glenn; Hemmingsen, Magnus & Hoff, Jan [Show all 7 contributors for this article] (2022). Aerobic high-intensity intervals are superior to improve VO2max compared with sprint intervals in well-trained men. Scandinavian Journal of Medicine & Science in Sports. ISSN 0905-7188. 33(2), p. 146–159. doi: 10.1111/sms.14251. Show summary

  Maximal oxygen uptake (V̇O2max) may be the single most important factor for long-distance running performance. Interval training, enabling high intensity, is forwarded as the format that yields the largest increase in V̇O2max. However, it is uncertain if an optimal outcome on V̇O2max, anaerobic capacity, and running performance is provided by training with a high aerobic intensity or high overall intensity. Thus, we randomized 48 aerobically well-trained men (23 ± 3 years) to three commonly applied interval protocols, one with high aerobic intensity (HIIT) and two with high absolute intensity (sprint interval training; SIT), 3× week for 8 weeks: (1) HIIT: 4 × 4 min at ~95% maximal aerobic speed (MAS) with 3 min active breaks. (2) SIT: 8 × 20 s at ~150% MAS with 10 s passive breaks. (3) SIT: 10 × 30 s at ~175% MAS with 3.5 min active breaks. V̇O2max increased more (p < 0.001) following HIIT, 4 × 4 min (6.5 ± 2.4%, p < 0.001) than SIT, 8 × 20 s (3.3 ± 2.4%, p < 0.001) and SIT, 10 × 30 s (n.s.). This was accompanied by a larger (p < 0.05) increase in stroke volume (O2-pulse) following HIIT, 4 × 4 min (8.1 ± 4.1%, p < 0.001) compared with SIT, 8 × 20 s (3.8 ± 4.2%, p < 0.01) and SIT, 10 × 30 (n.s.). Anaerobic capacity (maximal accumulated oxygen deficit) increased following SIT, 8 × 20 s (p < 0.05), but not after HIIT, 4 × 4 min, nor SIT, 10 × 30 s. Long-distance (3000-m) endurance performance increased (p < 0.05–p < 0.001) in all groups (HIIT, 4 × 4 min: 5.9 ± 3.2%; SIT, 8 × 20 s: 4.1 ± 3.7%; SIT, 10 × 30 s: 2.2 ± 2.2%), with HIIT increasing more than SIT, 10 × 30 s (p < 0.05). Sprint (300-m) performance exhibited within-group increases in SIT, 8 × 20 s (4.4 ± 2.0%) and SIT, 10 × 30 s (3.3 ± 2.8%). In conclusion, HIIT improves V̇O2max more than SIT. Given the importance of V̇O2max for most endurance performance scenarios, HIIT should typically be the chosen interval format.

• Stunes, Astrid Kamilla; Brobakken, Cathrine Langlie; Sujan, Md Abu Jafar; Aagård, Norun; Brevig, Martin Siksjø & Wang, Eivind [Show all 8 contributors for this article] (2022). Acute effects of strength and endurance training on bone turnover markers in young adults and elderly men. Frontiers in Endocrinology. ISSN 1664-2392. 13(June), p. 1–14. doi: 10.3389/fendo.2022.915241. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  Context: Exercise is recognized as an important strategy to prevent bone loss, but its acute effects on bone turnover markers (BTMs) and related markers remain uncertain. Objective: To assess the acute effects of two different exercise modes on BTMs and related markers in young adults of both sexes and elderly men. Design, Setting, Participants: This was a three-group crossover within-subjects design study with a total of 53 participants—19 young women (aged 22–30), 20 young men (aged 21–30 years), and 14 elderly men (aged 63–74 years)—performing two different exercise sessions [strength training (ST) and high-intensity interval training (HIIT)] separated by 2 weeks, in a supervised laboratory setting. Main Outcome Measures: Plasma volume-corrected serum measurements of the BTMs C-terminal telopeptide of type 1 collagen (CTX-I) and procollagen of type 1 N-terminal propeptide (P1NP), total osteocalcin (OC), sclerostin, and lipocalin-2 (LCN2) at baseline, immediately after, and 3 and 24 h after each of the two exercise modes were performed. Results and Conclusion: Analyses revealed sex- and age-dependent differences in BTMs and related bone markers at baseline and time-, sex-, and age-dependent differences in response to exercise. No differences between exercise modes were observed for BTM response except for sclerostin in young men and LCN2 in elderly men. An acute, transient, and uniform increase in P1NP/CTX-1 ratio was found in young participants, demonstrating that beneficial skeletal effects on bone metabolism can be attained through both aerobic endurance and resistance exercise, although this effect seems to be attenuated with age. The acute effects of exercise on bone-related biomarkers were generally blunted after 24 h, suggesting that persistent alterations following prolonged exercise interventions should be assessed at later time points.

• Tøien, Tiril; Malmo, Thomas; Espedal, Lars & Wang, Eivind (2022). Maximal intended velocity enhances strength training-induced neuromuscular stimulation in older adults. European Journal of Applied Physiology. ISSN 1439-6319. 122(12), p. 2627–2636. doi: 10.1007/s00421-022-05045-8. Show summary

  The age-related attenuation in neuromuscular function can be mitigated with strength training. Current recommendations for untrained and elderly recommend performing the strength training with a controlled movement velocity (CON). However, applying maximal intended velocity (MIV) in the concentric phase of movement may augment neuromuscular stimulation and potentially enhance training adaptations. Thus, applying rate of electromyography (EMG) rise (RER) recordings, we examined the acute early phase neuromuscular response to these two contraction types in quadriceps femoris during leg extension, along with actual movement velocity, in 12 older (76 ± 6 years) and 12 young men (23 ± 2 years). Results revealed that older adults had a lower one repetition maximum (1RM) than young (33 ± 9 kg vs. 50 ± 9 kg; p = 0.001) and lower actual velocity across relative intensities of ~ 10%, 30%, 50%, 70% and 90% of 1RM for CON and MIV (all p < 0.05). Older adults also had consistently reduced RER compared to young during both conditions (old: 1043–1810 μV; young: 1844–3015 μV; all p < 0.05). However, RER was higher in contractions with MIV compared to CON for both age groups, and across all intensities (98–674%, all p < 0.05). In conclusion, despite decreased maximal strength and attenuated neuromuscular response with advancing age, our results document an augmented neuromuscular activation when repetitions are performed with MIV in the concentric phase of movement.

• Brobakken, Mathias Forsberg; Nygård, Mona & Wang, Eivind (2022). Physical Health Impairment and Exercise as Medicine in Severe Mental Disorders: A Narrative Review. Sports Medicine - Open. ISSN 2198-9761. 8(1), p. 1–19. doi: 10.1186/s40798-022-00490-3. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  Background: Individuals with severe mental disorders (SMDs; schizophrenia spectrum disorders, bipolar disorder, and major depressive disorder) are not only suffering from their mental conditions; they also have an attenuated physical health, augmenting their overall critical condition. Objectives: We review and critically appraise the evidence based on (1) key physiological factors relating to aerobic endurance and skeletal muscle strength; (2) implications for physical function and health; and (3) effects of training interventions with different intensities evaluated in individuals with SMDs. Findings: Reductions in aerobic endurance factors, peak oxygen uptake (VO2peak) and walking work efficiency, are paralleled by reductions in maximal skeletal muscle strength and power. In turn, the poor aerobic endurance and muscle strength lead to impaired physical function, increased risk of lifestyle-related diseases, and ultimately early death. Exercise has the potential to counteract the attenuated physical health in people with SMDs. While aerobic endurance training is shown to increase VO2peak due to plasticity of the oxygen transport system, strength training is documented to improve maximal muscle strength, power, and walking work efficiency as a result of adaptations in neuromuscular force developing factors. Conclusions: In conclusion, improvements in these key determinants for physical health appear to be achievable in people with SMDs despite many being challenged by motivational difficulties with attending regular exercise and have beneficial implications for physical function during activities of daily living, lifestyle-related diseases, and early death.

• Haglo, Håvard Pedersen; Berg, Ole Kristian; Hoff, Jan; Helgerud, Jan & Wang, Eivind (2022). Maximal strength training in patients with inflammatory rheumatic disease: implications for physical function and quality of life. European Journal of Applied Physiology. ISSN 1439-6319. 122(7), p. 1671–1681. doi: 10.1007/s00421-022-04948-w. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  Purpose: Patients with inflammatory rheumatic disease (IRD) have attenuated muscle strength in the lower extremities, resulting in impaired physical function and quality of life. Although maximal strength training (MST), applying heavy resistance, is documented to be a potent countermeasure for such attenuation, it is uncertain if it is feasible in IRD given the pain, stiffness, and joint swelling that characterize the population. Methods: 23 patients with IRD (49 ± 13 years; 20 females/3 males), diagnosed with spondyloarthritis, rheumatoid arthritis, or systemic lupus erythematosus, were randomized to MST or a control group (CG). The MST group performed four × four repetitions dynamic leg press two times per week for 10 weeks at ~ 90% of one repetition maximum (1RM). Before and after training 1RM, rate of force development (RFD), and health-related quality of life (HRQoL) were measured. Results: Session attendance in the MST group was 95%, of which 95% conducted according to MST protocol. Furthermore, MST increased 1RM (29 ± 12%, p = 0.001) and early and late phase RFD (33–76%, p < 0.05). All improvements were different from the CG (p < 0.05). MST also resulted in HRQoL improvements in the dimensions; physical functioning, general health, and vitality (p < 0.05). Physical functioning was associated with 1RM (rho = 0.55, p < 0.01) and early phase RFD (rho = 0.53–0.71, p < 0.01; different from CG p < 0.05). Conclusions: Despite being characterized by pain, stiffness, and joint swelling, patients with IRD appear to tolerate MST well. Given the improvements in 1RM, RFD, and HRQoL MST should be considered as a treatment strategy to counteract attenuated muscle strength, physical function, and HRQoL.

• Haglo, Håvard Pedersen; Wang, Eivind; Berg, Ole Kristian; Hoff, Jan & Helgerud, Jan (2021). Smartphone-assisted high-intensity interval training in inflammatory rheumatic disease patients : randomized controlled trial. JMIR mhealth and uhealth. ISSN 2291-5222. 9(10), p. 1–16. doi: 10.2196/28124. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  Background: Patients with inflammatory rheumatic diseases (IRDs) experience disease-related barriers to physical training. Compared with the general population, IRD patients are reported to have reduced maximal oxygen uptake (VO2max) and physical activity levels. Supervised high-intensity interval training (HIIT) is documented to counteract the reduced VO2max and poor cardiovascular health associated with IRDs. However, supervised HIIT is resource demanding. Objective: This study sought to investigate if self-administered 4×4-min HIIT guided by a smartphone app (Myworkout GO) could yield similar HIIT-induced effects as standard 4×4-min HIIT performed under the guidance and supervision of health care professionals. The effects studied were on VO2max and health-related quality of life (HRQoL). Methods: Forty patients (33 female patients, mean age 48 years, SD 12 years; 7 male patients, mean age 52 years, SD 11 years) diagnosed with rheumatoid arthritis, spondyloarthritis, or systemic lupus erythematosus were randomized to a supervised group (SG) or an app group (AG). Both groups were instructed to perform 4×4-min intervals with a rate of perceived exertion of 16 to 17, corresponding to 85% to 95% of the maximal heart rate, twice a week for 10 weeks. Treadmill VO2max and HRQoL measured using RAND-36 were assessed before and after the exercise period. Results: VO2max increased (P<.001) in both groups after 10 weeks of HIIT, with improvements of 3.6 (SD 1.3) mL/kg/min in the SG and 3.7 (SD 1.5) mL/kg/min in the AG. This was accompanied by increases in oxygen pulse in both groups (P<.001), with no between-group differences apparent for either measure. Improvements in the HRQoL dimensions of bodily pain, vitality, and social functioning were observed for both groups (P<.001 to P=.04). Again, no between-group differences were detected. Conclusions: High-intensity 4×4-min interval training increased VO2max and HRQoL, contributing to patients’ reduced cardiovascular disease risk, improved health and performance, and enhanced quality of life. Similar improvements were observed following HIIT when IRD patients were guided using perceived exertion by health care professionals or the training was self-administered and guided by the app Myworkout GO. Utilization of the app may help reduce the cost of HIIT as a treatment strategy in this patient population.

• Tøien, Tiril; Haglo, Håvard Pedersen; Nyberg, Stian Kwak; Rao, Shalini Vasudev; Stunes, Astrid Kamilla & Mosti, Mats Peder [Show all 7 contributors for this article] (2021). Maximal strength training-induced increase in efferent neural drive is not reflected in relative protein expression of SERCA. European Journal of Applied Physiology. ISSN 1439-6319. 121(12), p. 3421–3430. doi: 10.1007/s00421-021-04807-0. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  Introduction Maximal strength training (MST), performed with heavy loads (~ 90% of one repetition maximum; 1RM) and few repetitions, yields large improvements in efferent neural drive, skeletal muscle force production, and skeletal muscle efficiency. However, it is elusive whether neural adaptations following such high intensity strength training may be accompanied by alterations in energy-demanding muscular factors. Methods Sixteen healthy young males (24 ± 4 years) were randomized to MST 3 times per week for 8 weeks (n = 8), or a control group (CG; n = 8). Measurements included 1RM and rate of force development (RFD), and evoked potentials recordings (V-wave and H-reflex normalized to M-wave (M) in the soleus muscle) applied to assess efferent neural drive to maximally contracting skeletal muscle. Biopsies were obtained from vastus lateralis and analyzed by western blots and real-time PCR to investigate the relative protein expression and mRNA expression of Sarcoplasmic Reticulum Ca2+ ATPase (SERCA) 1 and SERCA2. Results Significant improvements in 1RM (17 ± 9%; p < 0.001) and early (0–100 ms), late (0–200 ms) and maximal RFD (31–53%; p < 0.01) were observed after MST, accompanied by increased maximal Vmax/Msup-ratio (9 ± 14%; p = 0.046), with no change in H-reflex to M-wave ratio. No changes were observed in the CG. No pre- to post-training differences were found in mRNA or protein expressions of SERCA1 and SERCA2 in either group. Conclusion MST increased efferent neural drive to maximally contracting skeletal muscle, causing improved force production. No change was observed in SERCA expression, indicating that responses to high intensity strength training may predominantly be governed by neural adaptations.

• Berg, Ole Kristian; Stutzer, Jens-Meinhard; Hoff, Jan & Wang, Eivind (2021). Early maximal strength training improves leg strength and postural stability in elderly following hip fracture surgery. Geriatric Orthopaedic Surgery & Rehabilitation (GOS). ISSN 2151-4585. 12, p. 1–8. doi: 10.1177/21514593211015103. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  Introduction: Hip fractures predominantly occur in the geriatric population and results in increased physical inactivity and reduced independency, largely influenced by a downward spiral of ambulatory capacity, related to loss of skeletal muscle strength and postural stability. Thus, effective postoperative treatment, targeting improvements in muscle strength, is sought after. Materials & Methods: Twenty-one hip fracture patients (>65 yr) were randomized to 8 weeks of either conventional physiotherapy control group (CG), or leg press and hip abduction maximal strength training (MST) 3 times per week. MST was performed applying heavy loads (85-90% of 1 repetition maximum; 1RM) and 4-5 repetitions in 4 sets. Maximal strength (bi- and unilateral 1RM), postural stability (unipedal stance test; UPS), and DEXA-scan bone mineral content/ density (BMC/BMD) were measured before and after the 8-week rehabilitation. Results: Both MST and conventional physiotherapy improved bilateral leg press 1RM by 41 ± 27 kg and 29 ± 17 kg, respectively (both p < 0.01), while unilateral leg press 1RM only increased after MST (within group and between groups difference: both p < 0.05). MST also resulted in an increase in abduction 1RM in both the fractured (5 kg, 95%CI: 2-7; p < 0.01) and healthy limb (6 kg, 95%CI: 3-9; p < 0.01), while no such improvement was apparent in the CG (between groups difference: p < 0.01). Finally, MST improved UPS of the fractured limb (p < 0.05). No differences were observed in BMC or BMD following the 8 weeks. Discussion: Early postoperative MST improved lower extremities maximal muscle strength more than conventional physiotherapy and was accompanied by improvements in postural stability. Conclusion: Implementing MST in early rehabilitation after hip fracture surgery should be considered as a relevant treatment to curtail the downward spiral of reduced ambulatory capacity typical for this patient group, possibly reducing the risk of recuring falls and excess mortality.

• Kittilsen, Hans Torvild; Goleva-Fjellet, Sannija; Freberg, Baard Ingegerdsson; Nicolaisen, Iver; Støa, Eva Maria & Bratland-Sanda, Solfrid [Show all 10 contributors for this article] (2021). Responses to maximal strength training in different age and gender groups. Frontiers in Physiology. ISSN 1664-042X. 12, p. 1–10. doi: 10.3389/fphys.2021.636972. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  Purpose: The present study aimed to investigate the potential impact of age, gender, baseline strength, and selected candidate polymorphisms on maximal strength training (MST) adaptations. Methods: A total of 49 subjects (22 men and 27 women) aged 20–76 years, divided into five age groups, completed an 8 weeks MST intervention. Each MST session consisted of 4 sets with 4 repetitions at ∼85–90% of one-repetition maximum (1RM) intensity in leg-press, three times per week. 1RM was tested pre and post the intervention and blood samples were drawn to genotype candidate polymorphisms ACE I/D (rs1799752), ACTN3 R577X (rs1815739), and PPARGC1A Gly482Ser (rs8192678). Results: All age groups increased leg-press 1RM (p < 0.01), with a mean improvement of 24.2 ± 14.0%. There were no differences in improvements between the five age groups or between male and female participants, and there were no non-responders. Baseline strength status did not correlate with 1RM improvements. PPARGC1A rs8192678 T allele carriers had a 15% higher age- and gender corrected baseline 1RM than the CC genotype (p < 0.05). C allele carriers improved 1RM (%) by 34.2% more than homozygotes for the T allele (p < 0.05). Conclusion: To the best of our knowledge, this is the first study to report improvement in leg-press maximal strength regardless of gender, baseline strength status in all age groups. The present study is also first to demonstrate an association between the PPARGC1A rs8192678 and maximal strength and its trainability in a moderately trained cohort. MST may be beneficial for good health and performance of all healthy individuals.

• Brobakken, Mathias Forsberg; Nygård, Mona; Guzey, Ismail Cuneyt; Morken, Gunnar; Reitan, Solveig Merete Klæbo & Heggelund, Jørn [Show all 8 contributors for this article] (2020). One‐year aerobic interval training in outpatients with schizophrenia : a randomized controlled trial. Scandinavian Journal of Medicine & Science in Sports. ISSN 0905-7188. 30(12), p. 2420–2436. doi: 10.1111/sms.13808.
• Nygård, Mona; Brobakken, Mathias Forsberg; Taylor, Joshua L.; Reitan, Solveig Merete Klæbo; Guzey, Ismail Cuneyt & Morken, Gunnar [Show all 10 contributors for this article] (2020). Strength training restores force‐generating capacity in patients with schizophrenia. Scandinavian Journal of Medicine & Science in Sports. ISSN 0905-7188. 31(3), p. 665–678. doi: 10.1111/sms.13863. Show summary

  Patients with schizophrenia spectrum disorders have impaired skeletal muscle force‐generating capacity (FGC) of the lower extremities, that is, one repetition maximum (1RM) and rapid force development, and poor functional performance. We therefore investigated whether 12 weeks of maximal strength training (MST) could (a) restore FGC and functional performance to the level of healthy references, (b) increase patient activation and quality of life, and (c) explore associations between symptom severity, defined daily dose of medication, illness duration, level of patient activation, and improvements in FGC and functional performance. Forty‐eight outpatients were randomized to a training group (TG) or control group (CG). TG performed leg press MST 2 day/week at ~ 90% 1RM. The CG received two introductory training sessions and encouragement to train independently. Leg press 1RM, rapid force development, a battery of functional performance tests, Patient Activation Measure‐13, and 36‐Item Short Form Health Survey were tested. Healthy references performed baseline tests of FGC and functional performance. Thirty‐six patients completed the study (TG: 17, CG: 19). TG improved 1RM (28%) and rapid force development (20%, both P < .01) to a level similar to healthy references, while no change was apparent in the CG. TG’s improvement in rapid force development was negatively associated with defined daily dose of medication (r = −0.5, P = .05). Both TG and CG improved 30‐second sit‐to‐stand test performance (P < .05) which was associated with improved rapid force development (r = 0.6, P < .05). In conclusion, 12 weeks of MST restored patients’ lower extremity FGC to a level similar to healthy references and improved 30‐second sit‐to‐stand test performance.

• Helgerud, Jan; Thomsen, Simon Nørskov; Hoff, Jan; Strandbråten, Arild; Leivseth, Gunnar & Unhjem, Runar Jakobsen [Show all 7 contributors for this article] (2020). Maximal strength training in patients with Parkinson's disease : impact on efferent neural drive, force generating capacity, and functional performance. Journal of applied physiology. ISSN 8750-7587. 129(4), p. 683–690. doi: 10.1152/japplphysiol.00208.2020.
• Unhjem, Runar Jakobsen; Tøien, Tiril; Kvellestad, Ann Charlotte; Øren, Thomas Storehaug & Wang, Eivind (2020). External resistance is imperative for training-induced efferent neural drive enhancement in older adults. The journals of gerontology. Series A, Biological sciences and medical sciences. ISSN 1079-5006. 76(2), p. 224–232. doi: 10.1093/gerona/glaa160. Show summary

  Strength training performed with heavy loads and maximal intended velocity is documented to enhance efferent neural drive to maximally contracting musculature in older adults. However, it remains unclear whether the neural plasticity following training result from motor skill learning or if external resistance is a prerequisite. To investigate this, we assessed electrically evoked potentials (H-reflex and V-waves normalized to maximal M-wave) and voluntary activation (VA) in 36 older adults (73 ± 4 years) randomized to 3 weeks of plantar flexion strength training, with (maximal strength training [MST]) or without (unloaded ballistic training [UBT]) heavy external loading (90% of one repetition maximum), or a control group. Both training groups aimed to execute the concentric phase of movement as fast and forcefully as possible. The MST group improved maximal voluntary contraction (MVC) and rate of force development (RFD) by 18% ± 13% (p = .001; Hedges g = 0.66) and 35% ± 17% (p < .001; g = 0.94), respectively, and this was different (MVC: p = .013; RFD: p = .001) from the UBT group which exhibited a 7% ± 8% (p = .033; g = 0.32) increase in MVC and a tendency to increase RFD (p = .119; g = 0.22). Concomitant improvements in efferent neural drive (Vmax/Msup ratio: 0.14 ± 0.08 to 0.24 ± 0.20; p = .010) and a tendency towards increased VA (79% ± 9% to 84% ± 5%; p = .098), were only apparent after MST. No changes were observed in Hmax/Mmax ratio for the groups. In conclusion, external loading during exercise training appears to be a prerequisite for efferent neural drive enhancement in older adults. Thus, strength training with heavy loads should be recommended to counteract the typically observed age-related decline in motoneuron firing frequency and recruitment. Keywords: Ballistic training, Firing frequency, Motor unit recruitment, Strength training.

• Berg, Ole Kristian; Kwon, Oh Sung; Hureau, Thomas J.; Clifton, Heather L.; Thurston, Taylor S. & Le Fur, Yann [Show all 11 contributors for this article] (2020). Skeletal muscle mitochondrial adaptations to maximal strength training in older adults. The journals of gerontology. Series A, Biological sciences and medical sciences. ISSN 1079-5006. 75(12), p. 2269–2277. doi: 10.1093/gerona/glaa082. Show summary

  Maximal Strength Training (MST) results in robust improvements in skeletal muscle force production, efficiency, and mass. However, the effects of MST on muscle mitochondria is still unknown. Accordingly, the purpose of this study was to examine, from the molecular level to whole-muscle, mitochondrial adaptations induced by 8 weeks of knee-extension MST in the quadriceps of 10 older adults using immunoblotting, spectrophotometry, high-resolution respirometry in permeabilized muscle fibers, in vivo31P magnetic resonance spectroscopy (31P-MRS) and gas exchange. As anticipated, MST resulted in an increased isometric knee-extensor force from 133±36 to 147±49 Nm (P<0.05) and quadriceps muscle volume from 1410±103 to 1555±455 cm3 (P<0.05). Mitochondrial complex (I-V) protein abundance and citrate synthase activity were not significantly altered by MST. Assessed ex vivo, maximal ADP-stimulated respiration (state 3CI+CII, PRE: 23±6 and POST: 14±5 ρM·mg-1·s-1, P<0.05), was decreased by MST, predominantly, as a result of a decline in complex I linked respiration (P<0.05). Additionally, state 3 free-fatty acid linked respiration was decreased following MST (PRE: 19±5 and POST: 14±3 ρM·mg-1·s-1, P<0.05). Assessed in vivo, MST slowed the PCr recovery time constant (PRE: 49±13 and POST: 57±16 s, P<0.05) and lowered, by ~20% (P=0.055), the quadriceps peak rate of oxidative ATP synthesis, but did not significantly alter the oxidation of lipid. Although these, likely qualitative, mitochondrial adaptations are potentially negative in terms of skeletal muscle energetic capacity, they need to be considered in light of the many improvements in muscle function that MST affords older adults. Keywords: 31P-MRS, strength training, mitochondrial function

• Rūdolfs, Cešeiko; Thomsen, Simon Nørskov; Tomsone, Signe; Eglītis, Jānis; Vētra, Aivars & Srebnijs, Andrejs [Show all 9 contributors for this article] (2019). Heavy Resistance Training in Breast Cancer Patients Undergoing Adjuvant Therapy. Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise. ISSN 0195-9131. 52(6), p. 1239–1247. doi: 10.1249/MSS.0000000000002260. Show summary

  Background and Purpose: Adjuvant breast cancer therapy may reduce maximal muscle strength, muscle mass, and functional performance. Although maximal strength training (MST) has the potential to counteract this debilitating outcome and is shown to be superior to low- and moderate-intensity strength training, it is unknown if it can elicit effective adaptations in patients suffering treatment-induced adverse side effects. Methods: Fifty-five newly diagnosed stage I to III breast cancer patients (49 ± 7 yr) scheduled for adjuvant therapy were randomized to MST or a control group. The MST group performed 4 × 4 repetitions of dynamic leg press at approximately 90% of one-repetition maximum (1RM) twice a week for 12 wk. Results: In the MST group, improvements in 1RM (20% ± 8%; P < 0.001) were accompanied by improved walking economy (9% ± 8%) and increased time to exhaustion during incremental walking (9% ± 8%; both P < 0.01). Moreover, the MST group increased 6-min walking distance (6MWD; 10% ± 7%), and chair rising (30% ± 20%) and stair climbing performance (12% ± 7%; all P < 0.001). All MST-induced improvements were different from the control group (P < 0.01) which reduced their 1RM (9% ± 5%), walking economy (4% ± 4%), time to exhaustion (10% ± 8%), 6MWD (5% ± 5%), chair rising performance (12% ± 12%), and stair climbing performance (6% ± 8%; all P < 0.01). Finally, although MST maintained estimated quadriceps femoris muscle mass, a decrease was observed in the control group (7% ± 10%; P < 0.001). The change in 1RM correlated with the change in walking economy (r = 0.754), time to exhaustion (r = 0.793), 6MWD (r = 0.807), chair rising performance (r = 0.808), and stair climbing performance (r = 0.754; all P < 0.001). Conclusions: Lower-extremity MST effectively increases lower-extremity maximal muscle strength in breast cancer patients undergoing adjuvant therapy and results in improved work economy, functional performance, and maintenance of muscle mass. These results advocate that MST should be considered in breast cancer treatment.

• Helgerud, Jan; Øiestad, Britt Elin; Wang, Eivind & Hoff, Jan (2019). Prediction of upper extremity peak oxygen consumption from heart rate during submaximal arm cycling in young and middle-aged adults. European Journal of Applied Physiology. ISSN 1439-6319. 119(11-12), p. 2589–2598. doi: 10.1007/s00421-019-04225-3.
• Nygård, Mona; Brobakken, Mathias F; Roel, Ragnhild Bjerkem; Taylor, Joshua L.; Reitan, Solveig Merete Klæbo & Guzey, Ismail Cuneyt [Show all 10 contributors for this article] (2019). Patients with schizophrenia have impaired muscle force-generating capacity and functional performance. Scandinavian Journal of Medicine & Science in Sports. ISSN 0905-7188. 29(12), p. 1968–1979. doi: 10.1111/sms.13526.
• Brobakken, Mathias F; Nygård, Mona; Guzey, Ismail Cuneyt; Morken, Gunnar; Reitan, Solveig Merete Klæbo & Heggelund, Jørn [Show all 8 contributors for this article] (2019). Aerobic interval training in standard treatment of out-patients with schizophrenia - a randomized controlled trial. Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica. ISSN 0001-690X. 140(6), p. 498–507. doi: 10.1111/acps.13105.
• Brobakken, Mathias F; Nygård, Mona; Taylor, Joshua L.; Guzey, Ismail Cuneyt; Morken, Gunnar & Reitan, Solveig Merete Klæbo [Show all 9 contributors for this article] (2019). A comprehensive cardiovascular disease risk profile in patients with schizophrenia. Scandinavian Journal of Medicine & Science in Sports. ISSN 0905-7188. 29(4), p. 575–585. doi: 10.1111/sms.13371. Show summary

  Patients with schizophrenia are physically inactive and have high prevalence of cardiovascular disease (CVD). Peak oxygen uptake (V̇O2peak) is one of the strongest predictors for CVD, yet is rarely investigated in this patient population, and how V̇O2peak relates to other conventional CVD risk measures in this population is unclear. We measured treadmill V̇O2peak along with daily physical activity assessed by triaxial accelerometry, body mass index (BMI), waist circumference, blood pressure, lipid profiles, and glucose in 48 outpatients (28 men, 35 ± 10 (SD) years; 20 women, 35 ± 12 years), diagnosed with schizophrenia, schizotypal, or delusional disorders (ICD‐10; F20‐29). The patients were compared with 48 age‐ and sex‐matched healthy references (±2 years) and normative data from the population. V̇O2peak was 34.5 ± 8.7 mL/kg/min (men) and 26.4 ± 7.0 mL/kg/min (women), which was 27% and 30% lower than healthy references, respectively (both P < 0.01). V̇O2peak was not associated with daily physical activity in men while a weak association was seen in women (steps per day: r2 = 0.26; counts per minute: r2 = 0.25; P < 0.05). BMI (26.0 ± 6.1 kg/m2) revealed that patients were moderately overweight with a waist circumference of 103 ± 17 cm. Lipid‐ and glucose levels, and blood pressure were all within normative range. Our data advocate the utilization of V̇O2peak assessment for CVD risk profile determination in patients with schizophrenia. Daily physical activity was poorly and inconsistently related to V̇O2peak, suggesting increased daily physical activity might not translate into improved V̇O2peak and CVD risk reduction. Keywords: accelerometry, aerobic power, cholesterol, obesity, physical activity

• Tøien, Tiril; Haglo, Håvard Pedersen; Unhjem, Runar Jakobsen; Hoff, Jan & Wang, Eivind (2018). Maximal strength training : the impact of eccentric overload. Journal of Neurophysiology. ISSN 0022-3077. 120(6), p. 2868–2876. doi: 10.1152/jn.00609.2018. Full text in Research Archive
• Sidhu, Simranjit K.; Weavil, Joshua C; Thuston, Taylor; Rosenberger, Dorothea; Jessop, Jacob E & Wang, Eivind [Show all 9 contributors for this article] (2018). Fatigue-related group III/IV muscle afferent feedback facilitates intracortical inhibition during locomotor exercise. Journal of Physiology. ISSN 0022-3751. 596(19), p. 4789–4801. doi: 10.1113/JP276460.
• Berg, Ole Kristian; Kwon, Oh. Sung; Hureau, Thomas J.; Clifton, Heather L.; Thurston, Taylor & Le Fur, Yann [Show all 12 contributors for this article] (2018). Maximal strength training increases muscle force generating capacity and the anaerobic ATP synthesis flux without altering the cost of contraction in elderly. Experimental Gerontology. ISSN 0531-5565. 111(October), p. 154–161. doi: 10.1016/j.exger.2018.07.013. Show summary

  Aging is associated with a progressive decline in skeletal muscle function, then leading to impaired exercise tolerance. Maximal strength training (MST) appears to be a practical and effective intervention to increase both exercise capacity and efficiency. However, the underlying physiological mechanisms responsible for these functional improvements are still unclear. Accordingly, the purpose of this study was to examine the intramuscular and metabolic adaptations induced by 8 weeks of knee-extension MST in the quadriceps of 10 older individuals (75 ± 9 yrs) by employing a combination of molecular, magnetic resonance 1H-imaging and 31P-spectroscopy, muscle biopsies, motor nerve stimulation, and indirect calorimetry techniques. Dynamic and isometric muscle strength were both significantly increased by MST. The greater torque-time integral during sustained isometric maximal contraction post-MST (P = 0.002) was associated with increased rates of ATP synthesis from anaerobic glycolysis (PRE: 10 ± 7 mM·min−1; POST: 14 ± 7 mM·min−1, P = 0.02) and creatine kinase reaction (PRE: 31 ± 10 mM·min−1; POST: 41 ± 10 mM·min−1, P = 0.006) such that the ATP cost of contraction was not significantly altered. Expression of fast myosin heavy chain, quadriceps muscle volume, and submaximal cycling net efficiency were also increased with MST (P = 0.005; P = 0.03 and P = 0.03, respectively). Overall, MST induced a shift toward a more glycolytic muscle phenotype allowing for greater muscle force production during sustained maximal contraction. Consequently, some of the MST-induced improvements in exercise tolerance might stem from a greater anaerobic capacity to generate ATP, while the improvement in exercise efficiency appears to be independent from an alteration in the ATP cost of contraction.

• Nygård, Mona; Mosti, Mats Peder; Brose, Lena; Flemmen, Grete; Stunes, Astrid Kamilla & Sørskår-Venæs, Arild [Show all 8 contributors for this article] (2018). Maximal strength training improves musculoskeletal health in amphetamine users in clinical treatment. Osteoporosis International. ISSN 0937-941X. 29(10), p. 2289–2298. doi: 10.1007/s00198-018-4623-5. Show summary

  Amphetamine use leads to impaired skeletal health and elevated risk of osteoporosis. In the current study, we document that maximal strength training (MST), as a part of clinical treatment, works as a countermeasure, improving muscle force generating capacity, body composition, and skeletal health at sites particularly prone to osteoporotic fractures. Introduction: Amphetamine users have attenuated musculoskeletal health. MST with heavy loads, few repetitions, and emphasis on maximal mobilization in the concentric phase may increase muscle force generating capacity and skeletal health. This study investigated if MST-induced improvements in force generating capacity improved bone mineral density (BMD), trabecular bone score, and body composition in amphetamine users participating in 3-months clinical treatment. Methods: Of 40 randomized patients, 23 completed the study: 11 in the supervised training group (TG; 8 men, 3 women, 34 ± 10 years) and 12 in the control group (CG; 9 men, 3 women, 32 ± 8 years). The TG performed hack-squat MST three times a week for 12 weeks with an intensity of ~90% of one repetition maximum (1RM). Both groups attended conventional clinical treatment. Pre-training and post-training, we assessed hack-squat 1RM and rate of force development (RFD), BMD, body composition and trabecular bone score by dual X-ray absorptiometry, and serum bone metabolism markers. Results: MST induced increases in 1RM (70%) and RFD (86%), and resulted in BMD improvements at lumbar spine (3.6%) and total hip (2.4%); all improvements were different from CG (p < 0.05). Both the 1RM and RFD increases were associated with BMD improvements (lumbar spine: r = 0.73 (1RM), r = 0.60 (RFD); total hip: r = 0.61 (1RM); all p < 0.05). No differences were observed in trabecular bone score or bone metabolism markers. Conclusions: MST improved force generating capacity and skeletal health at sites prone to bone loss in amphetamine users, and advocate that MST should be implemented as a clinical strategy to restore the patients’ musculoskeletal health. Keywords: addiction, bone mass, one repetition maximum, rate of force development, rehabilitation, strength training

• Nyberg, Stian Kwak; Berg, Ole Kristian; Helgerud, Jan & Wang, Eivind (2018). Reliability of forearm oxygen uptake during handgrip exercise : assessment by ultrasonography and venous blood gas. Physiological Reports. ISSN 2051-817X. 6:e13696(10), p. 1–11. doi: 10.14814/phy2.13696. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  Assessment of forearm oxygen uptake (O2) during handgrip exercise is a keenly investigated concept for observing small muscle mass metabolism. Although a combination of Doppler ultrasound measurements of brachial artery blood flow () and blood gas drawn from a deep forearm vein has been utilized to calculate forearm O2 for more than two decades, the applicability of this experimental design may benefit from a thorough evaluation of its reliability during graded exercise. Therefore, we evaluated the reliability of this technique during incremental handgrip exercise in ten healthy young (24 ± 3(SD) years.) males. O2 and work rate (WR) exhibited a linear relationship (1.0 W: 43.8 ± 10.1 mL·min−1; 1.5 W: 53.8 ± 14.1 mL·min−1; 2.0 W: 63.4 ± 16.3 mL·min−1; 2.5 W: 72.2 ± 17.6 mL·min−1; 3.0 W: 79.2 ± 18.6 mL·min−1; r = 0.65, P < 0.01). In turn, O2 was strongly associated with (1.0 W: 359 ± 86 mL·min−1; 1.5 W: 431 ± 112 mL·min−1; 2.0 W: 490 ± 123 mL·min−1; 2.5 W: 556 ± 112 mL·min−1; 3.0 W: 622 ± 131 mL·min−1; r = 0.96; P < 0.01), whereas arteriovenous oxygen difference (a‐vO2diff) remained constant following all WRs (123 ± 11–130 ± 10 mL·L−1). Average O2 test–retest difference was −0.4 mL·min−1 with ±2SD limits of agreement (LOA) of 8.4 and −9.2 mL·min−1, respectively, whereas coefficients of variation (CVs) ranged from 4–7%. Accordingly, test–retest difference was 11.9 mL·min−1 (LOA: 84.1 mL·min−1; −60.4 mL·min−1) with CVs between 4 and 7%. Test–retest difference for a‐vO2diff was −0.28 mL·dL−1 (LOA: 1.26mL·dL−1; −1.82 mL·dL−1) with 3–5% CVs. In conclusion, our results revealed that forearm O2 determination by Doppler ultrasound and direct venous sampling is linearly related to WR, and a reliable experimental design across a range of exercise intensities.

• Berg, Ole Kristian; Nyberg, Stian Kwak; Windedal, Tobias Midtvedt & Wang, Eivind (2018). Maximal strength training-induced improvements in forearm work efficiency are associated with reduced blood flow. American Journal of Physiology. Heart and Circulatory Physiology. ISSN 0363-6135. 314(4), p. H853–H862. doi: 10.1152/ajpheart.00435.2017. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  Maximal strength training (MST) improves work efficiency. However, since blood flow is greatly dictated by muscle contractions in arms during exercise, and vascular conductance is lower, it has been indicated that arms rely more upon adapting oxygen extraction than legs in response to the enhanced work efficiency. Thus, to investigate if metabolic and vascular responses are arm-specific, we utilized Doppler-ultrasound and a catheter placed in the subclavian vein to measure blood flow and a-vO2diff during steady state work in seven young males (24{plus minus}3(SD) years) following six-weeks of handgrip MST. As expected, MST improved maximal strength (49{plus minus}9 to 62{plus minus}10kg) and rate of force development (923{plus minus}224 to 1086{plus minus}238N·s-1), resulting in a reduced submaximal V̇O2 (30{plus minus}9 to 24{plus minus}10ml·min-1) and concomitantly increased work efficiency (9.3{plus minus}2.5 to 12.4{plus minus}3.9%) (all p<0.05). In turn, the work efficiency improvement was associated with a reduced blood flow (486{plus minus}102 to 395{plus minus}114ml·min-1), mediated by a lower blood velocity (43{plus minus}8 to 32{plus minus}6cm·s-1) (all p<0.05). Conduit artery diameter and a-vO2diff remained unaltered. The maximal work test revealed increased time to exhaustion (949{plus minus}239 to 1102{plus minus}292seconds) and maximal work rate (both p<0.05), but no change in peak oxygen uptake. In conclusion, despite prior indications of metabolic and vascular limb-specific differences, these results reveal that improved work efficiency following small muscle mass strength training in the upper extremities is accompanied by a blood flow reduction, and coheres with what has been documented for lower extremities.

• Tøien, Tiril; Unhjem, Runar Jakobsen; Øren, Thomas Storehaug; Kvellestad, Ann Charlotte; Hoff, Jan & Wang, Eivind (2017). Neural plasticity with age: Unilateral maximal strength training augments efferent neural drive to the contralateral limb in older adults. The journals of gerontology. Series A, Biological sciences and medical sciences. ISSN 1079-5006. 73(5), p. 596–602. doi: 10.1093/gerona/glx218. Show summary

  Efferent neural drive during strong muscle contractions is attenuated with age, even after life-long strength training. However, it is unknown if this deterioration may impede contralateral neural plasticity, and limit the clinical value of unilateral strength training. We assessed muscle force-generating capacity, evoked potentials recordings (V-wave and H-reflex normalized to M-wave; V/M-ratio and H/M-ratio) and voluntary activation (VA) in the plantar flexors of the contralateral limb following unilateral maximal strength training (MST) with the dominant limb for 3 weeks (nine sessions). Twenty-three 73 ± 4(SD) year old males were randomized to a MST group (N = 11), exercising with an intensity of ~90% of maximal strength, or a control group (CG, N = 12). MST improved contralateral maximal strength (107.6 ± 27.0 to 119.1 ± 34.8 Nm; 10%) and rate of force development (197.3 ± 54.1 to 232.8 ± 77.7 Nm s−1; 18%) (both p < .05). These strength gains were associated with (r = 0.465–0.608) an enhanced soleus V/M-ratio (0.12 ± 0.09 to 0.21 ± 0.17) and VA (79.5 ± 5.1 to 83.3 ± 5.2%) (all p < .05). H/M-ratio (10% maximal strength) remained unaltered after MST, and no changes were apparent in the CG. In conclusion, cross-limb effects in older adults are regulated by efferent neural drive enhancement, and advocate the clinical relevance of MST to improve neuromuscular function in individuals with conditions that results in unilateral strength reductions.

• Unhjem, Runar Jakobsen; van den Hoven, Lene Thronæs; Nygård, Mona; Hoff, Jan & Wang, Eivind (2017). Functional Performance With Age: The Role of Long-Term Strength Training. Journal of Geriatric Physical Therapy. ISSN 1539-8412. 42(3), p. 115–122. doi: 10.1519/JPT.0000000000000141. Show summary

  Background and Purpose: Physical function is shown to decline with age. However, how long-term strength training may attenuate the age-related limitation in functional tasks with various force demands is unclear. Methods: In a cross-sectional study, we assessed maximal muscle strength, initial and late phase rate of force development (RFD), as well as 4 tests of functional performance in 11 (mean, 71 years; standard deviation [SD], 4 years) strength-trained master athletes (MAs), 11 (mean, 73 years; SD, 6 years) recreationally active older adults (AEs), 10 (mean, 71 years; SD, 4 years) sedentary older adults (SOAs), and 9 (mean, 22 years; SD, 2 years) moderately active young controls. Functional performance was divided into 2 categories: more force-demanding (chair-rising ability and stair-climbing power) and less force-demanding (habitual walking speed and 1-leg standing) tasks. Results: MA exhibited 75%, 45%, and 26% higher leg press maximal strength compared with SOA, AE, and young, respectively (P < .01). MA leg press RFD was not different from young, but was higher compared to AE and SOA during both the initial (0-50 ms: 104%-177%, P < .05) and late phase (100-200 ms: 37%-52%, P < .05) of muscle contraction. MA also showed better performance compared with AE and SOA (P < .05) in more force-demanding functional tasks; chair-rising ability (MA: mean, 6.23 seconds; SD, 1.19 seconds; AE: mean, 8.60 seconds; SD, 1.78 seconds; SOA: mean, 9.74 seconds; SD, 3.03 seconds; young: mean, 6.51 seconds; SD, 0.98 seconds) and stair-climbing power (MA: mean, 701 W; SD, 161 W; AE: mean, 556 W; SD, 104 W; SOA: mean, 495 W; SD, 116 W; young: mean, 878 W; SD, 126 W). No differences were observed between MA and AE in less force-demanding tasks, but both groups were superior (P < .05) compared with SOA in walking speed (MA: mean, 1.49 m·s−1; SD, 0.21 m·s−1; AE: mean, 1.56 m·s−1; SD, 0.17 m·s−1; SOA: mean, 1.27 m·s−1; SD, 0.22 m·s−1; young: mean, 1.62 m·s−1; SD, 0.22 m·s−1) and balance test completion (MA: 45%; AE: 45%; SOA: 0%; young: 100%). Conclusion: Our results reveal that maintaining a high muscle force–generating capacity into older age is related to beneficial effects on functional performance, which may not be achieved with recreational activity, thus highlighting strength training as an important contribution to healthy aging.

• Wang, Eivind; Nyberg, Stian K.; Hoff, Jan; Zhao, Jia; Leivseth, Gunnar & Tørhaug, Tom [Show all 9 contributors for this article] (2017). Impact of maximal strength training on work efficiency and muscle fiber type in the elderly: Implications for physical function and fall prevention. Experimental Gerontology. ISSN 0531-5565. 91, p. 64–71. doi: 10.1016/j.exger.2017.02.071.
• Nyberg, Stian K.; Berg, Ole Kristian; Helgerud, Jan & Wang, Eivind (2017). Blood flow regulation and oxygen uptake during high-intensity forearm exercise. Journal of applied physiology. ISSN 8750-7587. 122(4), p. 907–917. doi: 10.1152/japplphysiol.00983.2016. Show summary

  The vascular strain is very high during heavy handgrip exercise, but the intensity and kinetics to reach peak blood flow, and peak oxygen uptake, are uncertain. We included 9 young (25 ± 2 yr) healthy males to evaluate blood flow and oxygen uptake responses during continuous dynamic handgrip exercise with increasing intensity. Blood flow was measured using Doppler-ultrasound, and venous blood was drawn from a deep forearm vein to determine arteriovenous oxygen difference (a-vO 2diff) during 6-min bouts of 60, 80, and 100% of maximal work rate (WR max), respectively. Blood flow and oxygen uptake increased ( P < 0.05) from 60%WR max [557 ± 177(SD) ml/min; 56.0 ± 21.6 ml/min] to 80%WR max (679 ± 190 ml/min; 70.6 ± 24.8 ml/min), but no change was seen from 80%WR max to 100%WR max Blood velocity (49.5 ± 11.5 to 58.1 ± 11.6 cm/s) and brachial diameter (0.49 ± 0.05 to 0.50 ± 0.06 cm) showed concomitant increases ( P < 0.05) with blood flow from 60% to 80%WR max, whereas no differences were observed in a-vO 2diff Shear rate also increased ( P < 0.05) from 60% (822 ± 196 s -1) to 80% (951 ± 234 s -1) of WR max The mean response time (MRT) was slower ( P < 0.05) for blood flow (60%WR max 50 ± 22 s; 80%WR max 51 ± 20 s; 100%WR max 51 ± 23 s) than a-vO 2diff (60%WR max 29 ± 9 s; 80%WR max 29 ± 5 s; 100%WR max 20 ± 5 s), but not different from oxygen uptake (60%WR max 44 ± 25 s; 80%WR max 43 ± 14 s; 100%WR max 41 ± 32 s). No differences were observed in MRT for blood flow or oxygen uptake with increased exercise intensity. In conclusion, when approaching maximal intensity, oxygen uptake appeared to reach a critical level at ~80% of WR max and be regulated by blood flow. This implies that high, but not maximal, exercise intensity may be an optimal stimulus for shear stress-induced small muscle mass training adaptations. NEW & NOTEWORTHY This study evaluated blood flow regulation and oxygen uptake during small muscle mass forearm exercise with high to maximal intensity. Despite utilizing only a fraction of cardiac output, blood flow reached a plateau at 80% of maximal work rate and regulated peak oxygen uptake. Furthermore, the results revealed that muscle contractions dictated bulk oxygen delivery and yielded three times higher peak blood flow in the relaxation phase compared with mean values.

• Støren, Øyvind; Helgerud, Jan; Sæbø, Mona; Støa, Eva Maria; Bratland-Sanda, Solfrid & Unhjem, Runar Jakobsen [Show all 8 contributors for this article] (2017). The effect of age on the VO2max response to high-intensity interval training. Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise. ISSN 0195-9131. 49(1), p. 78–85. doi: 10.1249/MSS.0000000000001070. Show summary

  Purpose: High-intensity interval training (HIIT) is documented to yield effective improvements in the cardiovascular system and be an excellent strategy for healthy aging. However, it is not determined how age may affect the training response of key components of aerobic endurance. Methods: We recruited 72 males (mean +/- SD, weight = 84.9 +/- 12.9 kg, height = 180.4 +/- 5.8 cm) and 22 females (weight = 76.0 +/- 17.2 kg, height = 171.2 +/- 6.7 cm) from 20 to 70+ yr with a training status typical for their age group and divided them into six decade cohorts. The participants followed supervised training with a targeted intensity of 90%-95% of maximal HR (HRmax) three times a week for 8 wk. Results: After HIIT, all age groups increased (P < 0.001-P = 0.004) maximal oxygen consumption (V[spacing dot above]O2max) with 0.39 +/- 0.20 (20-29 yr), 0.28 +/- 0.21 (30-39 yr), 0.36 +/- 0.08 (40-49 yr), 0.34 +/- 0.27 (50-59 yr), 0.33 +/- 0.23 (60-69 yr), and 0.34 +/- 0.14 (70+ yr) L[middle dot]min-1, respectively. These 9%-13% improvements were not significantly different between the age groups. In contrast to age, the percentage improvements after HIIT were inversely associated with baseline training status (r = 0.66, P < 0.001). HRmax was not altered within the respective age cohorts, but the two oldest cohorts exhibited a tendency (P = 0.07) to increase HRmax in contrast to a training-induced decrease in the younger cohorts. Conclusion: In healthy individuals with an aerobic capacity typical for what is observed in the population, the training response is likely not affected by age in a short-term training intervention but may rather be affected by the initial training status. These findings imply that individuals across age all have a great potential for cardiovascular improvements, and that HIIT may be used as an excellent strategy for healthy aging.

• Unhjem, Runar Jakobsen; Flemmen, Grete; Hoff, Jan & Wang, Eivind (2016). Maximal strength training as a physical rehabilitation for patients with substance use disorder; a randomized controlled trial. BMC sports science, medicine and rehabilitation. ISSN 2052-1847. 8(7). doi: 10.1186/s13102-016-0032-2. Full text in Research Archive
• Groot, H. Jonathan; Rossman, Matthew J.; Garten, Ryan S.; Wang, Eivind; Hoff, Jan & Helgerud, Jan [Show all 7 contributors for this article] (2016). The effect of physical activity on passive leg movement-induced vasodilation with age. Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise. ISSN 0195-9131. 48(8), p. 1548–1557. doi: 10.1249/MSS.0000000000000936.
• Unhjem, Runar Jakobsen; Nygård, Mona; van den Hoven, Lene Thronæs; Sidhu, Simranjit K.; Hoff, Jan & Wang, Eivind (2016). Lifelong strength training mitigates the age-related decline in efferent drive. Journal of applied physiology. ISSN 8750-7587. 121(2), p. 415–423. doi: 10.1152/japplphysiol.00117.2016.
• Hoff, Jan; Støren, Øyvind; Finstad, Arnstein; Wang, Eivind & Helgerud, Jan (2016). Increased blood lactate level deteriorates running economy in World class endurance athletes. Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research. ISSN 1064-8011. 30(5), p. 1373–1378. doi: 10.1519/JSC.0000000000001349.
• Mosti, Mats Peder; Flemmen, Grete; Hoff, Jan; Stunes, Astrid Kamilla; Syversen, Unni & Wang, Eivind (2016). Impaired skeletal health and neuromuscular function among amphetamine users in clinical treatment. Osteoporosis International. ISSN 0937-941X. 27(3), p. 1003–1010. doi: 10.1007/s00198-015-3371-z. Full text in Research Archive
• Flemmen, Grete & Wang, Eivind (2015). Impaired aerobic endurance and muscular strength in substance use disorder patients: implications for health and premature death. Medicine. ISSN 0025-7974. 94(44:e1014). doi: 10.1097/MD.0000000000001914. Full text in Research Archive

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• Wang, Eivind & Grannes, Odd-Sølve (2024). Kan ikke overlate det til vilkårlige trender. [Newspaper]. Stavaner Aftenblad.
• Wang, Eivind; Hjelle, Ole Petter & Grannes, Odd-Sølve (2024). Ønsker «gullstandard» på treningsråd. [Newspaper]. Fædrelandsvennen.
• Wang, Eivind; Hjelle, Ole Petter & Grannes, Odd-Sølve (2024). Professor ønsker «gullstandard» på treningsråd . [Newspaper]. Aftenposten.
• Wang, Eivind; Hjelle, Ole Petter & Grannes, Odd-Sølve (2024). Professoren ønsker «gullstandard» på treningsråd: – Kan ikke overlate det til vilkårlige trender. [Newspaper]. Sunnmørsposten Pluss.
• Wang, Eivind; Hjelle, Ole Petter & Grannes, Odd-Sølve (2024). Ønsker "gullstandard" på treningsråd: – Kan ikke overlate det til vilkårlige trender. [Newspaper]. Stavanger aftenblad.
• Wang, Eivind & Bouhlou, Nadina (2024). Medisinprofessoren om trening: – En jobb som skal gjøres, selv om du ikke liker det. [Newspaper]. DN Magasinet.
• Wang, Eivind & Sylte, Iselin (2024). Mener du har plikt til å trene: – Vær en ressurs og ikke en byrde. [Newspaper]. Romsdals Budstikke Pluss.
• Collins, Catrine; Wang, Eivind; Torbjørnsen, Stian; Færø, Torkil; Jacobsen, Henrik Børsting & Owing, Nina [Show all 9 contributors for this article] (2024). NRK1 Debatten: Nytt år, flat mage og hvit måned. [TV]. Nrk.no.
• Pedrinolla, Anna; Isanejad, Masoud; Antognelli, Cinzia; Bartolini, Desirée; Borras, Consuelo & Cavedon, Valentina [Show all 25 contributors for this article] (2023). Randomised controlled trial combining vitamin E-functionalised chocolate with physical exercise to reduce the risk of protein-energy malnutrition in predementia aged people: study protocol for Choko-Age. BMJ Open. ISSN 2044-6055. 13(12). doi: 10.1136/bmjopen-2023-072291.
• Mølmen, Knut Sindre; Cumming, Kristoffer Toldnes; Wang, Eivind & Solberg, Trine (2023). Gå eller løpe? : dette sier forskningen. [Newspaper]. Nettavisen pluss.
• Migni, Anna; Galli, Francesco; Antognelli, Cinzia; Bartolini, Desirée; Borrás, Consuelo & Cruciani, Gabriele [Show all 27 contributors for this article] (2022). The Choko-Age project: development and analytical characterization of a new chocolate product functionalized with vitamin E to combine with physical exercise in preventing malnutrion in pre-dementia eldery subjects. Free Radical Biology & Medicine. ISSN 0891-5849. 189(Supplement 1). doi: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2022.06.122.
• Hemmings, Kay; Prokopidis, Konstantinos; Migni, Anna; Antognelli, Cinzia; Bartolini, Desirée & Borrás, Consuelo [Show all 28 contributors for this article] (2022). The role of hypercortisolism, inflammation and modified redox on the functional loss of muscle with age : protective effects of vitamin E and cocoa polyphenols. Free Radical Biology & Medicine. ISSN 0891-5849. 189(Supplement 1). doi: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2022.06.119.
• Wang, Eivind & Nyhaug, Eva (2022). Forskere: Dette er den beste styrkeøvelsen. [Newspaper]. bygdeposten.no.
• Wang, Eivind; Helgerud, Jan; Raastad, Truls & Solberg, Trine (2022). Forskere: Dette er den beste styrkeøvelsen. [Newspaper]. Lierposten.no.
• Wang, Eivind; Ekelund, Ulf & Solberg, Trine (2022). Treningsforsker lei trendene - dette er treningen som virkelig fungerer. [Newspaper]. Nidaros Pluss.
• Wang, Eivind; Ekelund, Ulf & Solberg, Trine (2022). Treningsforsker lei trendene - dette er treningen som virkelig fungerer. [Newspaper]. Bygdeposten Pluss.
• Wang, Eivind; Ekelund, Ulf & Solberg, Trine (2022). Treningsforsker lei trendene - dette er treningen som virkelig fungerer. [Newspaper]. Sandefjords Blad Pluss.
• Wang, Eivind; Ekelund, Ulf & Solberg, Trine (2022). Treningsforsker lei trendene – dette er treningen som virkelig fungerer. [Internet]. ifinnmark.no.
• Wang, Eivind; Helgerud, Jan; Raastad, Truls & Solberg, Trine (2022). Forskere: Dette er den beste styrkeøvelsen. [Newspaper]. Vestby Avis Pluss.
• Wang, Eivind; Helgerud, Jan; Raastad, Truls & Solberg, Trine (2022). Forskere: Dette er den beste styrkeøvelsen. [Internet]. Nettavisen Pluss.
• Ernstsen, Linda; Wang, Eivind & Lauritzen, Eline (2021). Skrittelleren - venn eller fiende? [Internet]. kk. Show summary

  Hva bør vi velge av 5000 skritt i rolig tempo eller rask løping opp trappa? Vi har tatt en prat med ekspertene.

• Wang, Eivind; Hisdal, Jonny & Solberg, Trine (2021). Ekspertens effektive råd: – Gjør dette to ganger i uka, så vil du se utrolig effekt på kort tid. [Newspaper]. iharstad.no.
• Wang, Eivind; Hisdal, Jonny & Solberg, Trine (2021). Ekspert mener mange lurer seg selv - slik går du deg sprek. [Newspaper]. Nettavisen Pluss.
• Nygård, Mona; Brobakken, Mathias Forsberg; Taylor, Joshua Landen; Reitan, Solveig Merete Klæbo; Guzey, Ismail Cuneyt & Morken, Gunnar [Show all 9 contributors for this article] (2020). 12 Weeks Of Maximal Strength Training Restores Muscle Force-generating Capacity In Patients With Schizophrenia. Show summary

  Patients with schizophrenia spectrum disorders (ICD-10) suffer from impaired muscle force-generating capacity (MFGC) and functional performance of the lower extremities. PURPOSE. To investigate if 12 weeks of maximal strength training (MST) would restore MFGC and functional performance. METHODS. Forty-eight outpatients (28 men, 35±10 yrs; 20 women, 35±12 yrs) were randomized to a training group (TG) or control group (CG). Forty-eight age and gender matched healthy controls (28 men/20 women, 35±11 yrs) were tested to establish reference values. TG performed leg press MST (4x4 repetitions) 2d/week for 12 weeks at ~90% one repetition maximum (1RM). CG received two sessions of MST and encouragement to follow traditional physical activity guidelines. RESULTS. 17/24 patients in the TG (12 men/5 women, 34±11 years) completed 79% of training sessions and 19/22 patients in the CG (9 men/10 women, 37±12 years) completed the study. TG improved 1RM (28%, 12.6±4.1 to 16.2±5.0 Kg·mb -0.67, p<0.01) and rapid force development (20%, 18.6±8.6 to 22.4±10.8 N·m·s-1·mb -0.67, p<0.01), reaching 106% and 85% of healthy reference values, respectively. TG improvements differed from CG (p<0.01) where no changes occurred (1RM; 11.4±3.0 to 12.0±2.7 Kg·mb -0.67, rapid force development 16.4±6.9 to 17.3±6.5 N·m·s-1·mb -0.67). Both TG and CG improved 30-second sit-tostand test (30sSTS) performance (15±3 to 17±4 stands and 13±3 to 14±3 stands, respectively, p<0.05). Changes were not apparent as between group difference nor close the gap to reference levels (27±5 stands). CONCLUSION. MST restored the patients’ lower extremity MFGC and improved 30sSTS performance. Supported by grants from the Norwegian ExtraFoundation for Health and Rehabilitation, The Liaison Committee between the Central Norway Regional Health Authority and the Norwegian University of Science and Technology, and The Norwegian Directorate of Health.

• Brobakken, Mathias Forsberg; Nygård, Mona; Guzey, Ismail Cuneyt; Morken, Gunnar; Reitan, Solveig Merete Klæbo & Heggelund, Jørn [Show all 8 contributors for this article] (2020). Aerobic Interval Training Integrated In Collaborative Care Of Outpatients With Schizophrenia: One-year Outcomes. Show summary

  Although aerobic interval training (AIT) is recognised to attenuate the risk of cardiovascular disease (CVD) and premature mortality, it appears that it rarely arrives at patients’ doorsteps. PURPOSE: This study investigated 1-year outcomes when AIT was integrated with municipal and specialised health service in collaborative care of outpatients with schizophrenia. METHODS: Forty-eight outpatients (28 men, 35±10 (SD) years; 20 women, 35±12 years) with schizophrenia spectrum disorders (ICD10) were randomised to either a collaborative care group provided transportation and training supervision and walking/running 4x4-minutes at ~90% of peak heart rate (HRpeak) 2 d·wk-1 (TG), or a control group (CG) given 2 introductory AIT sessionsand advised to continue training. RESULTS: Directly assessed peak oxygen uptake (V̇ O2peak) increased in the TG (3-months: 2.7±3.1 mL·kg-1·min-1; 6-months: 3.2±3.0 mL·kg-1·min-1; 1-year: 3.3±3.1 mL·kg-1·min-1; all p<0.001; different from CG: p<0.05-0.001). In contrast, V̇ O2peak remained unchanged (3/6-months) and decreased (1-year:-1.8±3.8 mL·kg-1·min-1, p<0.05) in the CG. One-year cardiac effects revealed increased HRpeak (3±7 b·min-1, p<0.05; different from CG: p<0.01) in the TG and decreased HRpeak (-3±7 b·min-1, p<0.05) in the CG, while peak stroke volume tended to be higher (0.87±2.15 mL·b-1, p=0.12) in the TG compared to the CG. Conventional risk factors (body weight, waist circumference, blood pressure and lipids/glucose) were unaltered. One-year regular AIT rates were 15/25 (TG; different from CG: p<0.0001) and 0/23 (CG), respectively. CONCLUSIONS: AIT was successfully integrated in long-term collaborative care of outpatients with schizophrenia, advocating this model for aerobic capacity improvement and CVD risk reduction in future treatment.

• Wang, Eivind; Helgerud, Jan & Solberg, Trine (2020). Forskere: Skal du bare gjøre én styrkeøvelse, bør du gjøre denne: - Du får stor effekt. [Newspaper]. Avisa Nordland Pluss.
• Wang, Eivind; Helgerud, Jan & Solberg, Trine (2020). Forskere: Skal du bare gjøre én styrkeøvelse, bør du gjøre denne: Du får stor effekt . [Newspaper]. Hadeland Pluss.
• Wang, Eivind; Helgerud, Jan & Solberg, Trine (2020). Forskere: Skal du bare gjøre én styrkeøvelse, bør du gjøre denne: Du får stor effekt. [Newspaper]. Telemarksavisa Pluss.
• Wang, Eivind; Helgerud, Jan & Solberg, Trine (2020). Forskere: Skal du bare gjøre én styrkeøvelse, bør du gjøre denne: - Du får stor effekt. [Newspaper]. Aust Agder Blad Pluss.
• Wang, Eivind; Helgerud, Jan & Solberg, Trine (2020). Forskarar: Skal du gjere berre éi styrkeøving, bør du gjere denne. [Newspaper]. Avisa Nordhordaland Pluss.
• Wang, Eivind; Helgerud, Jan & Solberg, Trine (2020). Forskere: Skal du gjøre bare én styrkeøvelse, bør du gjøre denne. [Newspaper]. Nidaros Pluss.
• Wang, Eivind; Helgerud, Jan & Nyhaug, Eva (2020). Forskere: Dette er den beste styrkeøvelsen. [Newspaper]. Sarpsborg Arbeiderblad Pluss.
• Wang, Eivind (2019). Impact of strength training on aging .
• Wang, Eivind (2019). Styrk aldringen: Betydningen av fysisk trening for seniorer .
• Wang, Eivind (2019). Strength training is medicine.
• Wang, Eivind (2019). Strengthen your aging.
• Wang, Eivind (2019). Strength training effects on aerobic endurance.
• Tøien, Tiril; Unhjem, Runar Jakobsen; Storehaug Øren, Thomas; Kvellestad, Ann Charlotte; Hoff, Jan & Wang, Eivind (2018). Maximal Strength Training-induced Neural Plasticity With Age: Cross-limb Effects. Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise. ISSN 0195-9131. 49. doi: 10.1093/gerona/glx218.
• Wang, Eivind (2017). Blood flow and oxygen uptake during forearm exercise: Implications for rock climbing performance.
• Wang, Eivind (2017). Impact of strength training on the aging neuromuscular system.
• Rossman, Matthew J; Jonathan H., Groot; Garten, Ryan S.; Wang, Eivind; Helgerud, Jan & Hoff, Jan [Show all 7 contributors for this article] (2017). Physical Fitness Protects Against Age-Related Vascular Dysfunction in the Lower Limb. Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise. ISSN 0195-9131. 49.
• Sidhu, Simranjit K.; Weavil, Joshua; Thurston, Taylor S.; Wang, Eivind; Rosenberger, Dorothea S & Jessop, Jacob E [Show all 9 contributors for this article] (2017). Fatigue Modulates The Effect Of Group III/IV Muscle Afferents On GABAB-Mediated Inhibition And Corticospinal Excitability. Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise. ISSN 0195-9131. 49.
• Brobakken, Mathias F; Nygård, Mona; Guzey, Ismail Cuneyt; Morken, Gunnar; Wang, Eivind & Heggelund, Jørn [Show all 7 contributors for this article] (2017). Cardiovascular Disease Risk Profile in Patients with Schizophrenia. Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise. ISSN 0195-9131. 49.
• Nygård, Mona; Brobakken, Mathias F; Guzey, Ismail Cuneyt; Morken, Gunnar; Vedul-Kjelsås, Einar & Wang, Eivind [Show all 7 contributors for this article] (2017). Strength Training In Patients With Schizophrenia: Effects On Muscle Force Generating Capacity. Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise. ISSN 0195-9131. 49.
• Wang, Eivind; Nyberg, Stian K.; Berg, Ole Kristian & Helgerud, Jan (2017). Blood flow regulation and oxygen uptake during high intensity forearm exercise. Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise. ISSN 0195-9131. 49(5S). doi: 10.1249/01.mss.0000519218.77124.86.
• Nyberg, Stian K.; Berg, Ole Kristian; Helgerud, Jan & Wang, Eivind (2017). Validity of forearm oxygen uptake during handgrip exercise : assessment by ultrasonography and venous blood gas. Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise. ISSN 0195-9131. 49(5S). doi: 10.1249/01.mss.0000517004.27687.52. Show summary

  Assessment of forearm oxygen uptake (V[Combining Dot Above]O2) during handgrip exercise is a keenly investigated concept for observing small muscle mass metabolism. Although a combination of Doppler-ultrasound measurements of brachial artery blood flow and blood gas drawn from a deep forearm vein has been utilized to calculate forearm V[Combining Dot Above]O2 for more than two decades, this experimental design has, somewhat surprisingly, not been validated.

• Berg, Ole Kristian; Nyberg, Stian K.; Windedal, Tobias M. & Wang, Eivind (2017). Forearm blood flow regulation following maximal strength training-induced improvements in work efficiency. Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise. ISSN 0195-9131. 49(5S). Show summary

  Maximal strength training (MST) improves submaximal work efficiency (WE) in the arms. However, since assessment of muscle oxygen uptake (V̇ O2) during exercise is lacking, the behavior of MST-induced adaptations is unknown, and it remains elusive if metabolic and vascular responses in arms may contrast what has been observed in legs.

• Wang, Eivind & Unhjem, Runar Jakobsen (2016). Klassisk at de får beskjed om å trene, men samtidig om å være forsiktige. [Internet]. dn.no.
• Wang, Eivind & Unhjem, Runar Jakobsen (2016). Tunge løft kan forlenge livet. [Internet]. nrk.no.
• Aasarød, Knut & Wang, Eivind (2015). 20-åringer trener så hardt at de risikerer akutt nyresvikt. [Internet]. Adressa.no.
• Groot, H. Jonathan; Rossman, Matthew J; Garten, Ryan S.; Wang, Eivind; Hoff, Jan & Helgerud, Jan [Show all 7 contributors for this article] (2015). The effect of physical activity and fitness on vascular function with age.
• Wang, Eivind (2015). Effektiv trening er ingen motesak. [Internet]. Fysioterapeuten.
• Wang, Eivind (2015). Advarer mot meningsløs trening. [Newspaper]. Adresseavisen.
• Berg, Ole Kristian & Wang, Eivind (2019). Blood flow regulation and cost of muscle contraction during small muscle mass endurance performance. Høgskolen i Molde - Vitenskapelig høgskole i logistikk.
• Nyberg, Stian Kwak & Wang, Eivind (2019). Blood flow regulation in an integrated system determining aerobic endurance. NTNU.
• Wang, Eivind (2017). Impact of strength training on the aging neuromuscular system. NTNU.

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